Exam #4 Study Guide, Part 2 – Select Microbial Diseases Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards for Exam #4 Study Guide, Part 2 – Select Microbial Diseases.

Measles

Disease caused by Measles virus, an RNA virus, transmitted via respiratory droplets, with human reservoir; prevented by MMR vaccine.

Influenza

Disease caused by Influenza virus (A, B, C), an RNA virus, transmitted via respiratory droplets, with human, birds, pigs reservoir; prevented by annual vaccine, treated with antivirals. Antigenic drift and shift influence severity.

Polio

Disease caused by Poliovirus, an RNA virus, transmitted via fecal-oral route, with human reservoir; prevented by IPV, OPV vaccines; treated with supportive care.

Diphtheria

Disease caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a Gram-positive bacteria, transmitted via respiratory droplets, with human reservoir; prevented by DTaP, Tdap vaccines, treated with antitoxin and antibiotics.

Pertussis

Disease caused by Bordetella pertussis, a Gram-negative bacteria, transmitted via respiratory droplets, with human reservoir; prevented by DTaP, Tdap vaccines; treated with antibiotics, resistance rising.

Tetanus

Disease caused by Clostridium tetani, a Gram-positive bacteria, transmitted via wounds/skin, with soil reservoir; prevented by Tdap, DTaP, Td vaccines, treated with antitoxin and antibiotics.

Tuberculosis (TB)

Disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, an acid-fast bacteria, transmitted via airborne route/lungs, with human reservoir; prevented by BCG vaccine (limited use in U.S.), treated with long antibiotic course, resistance increasing.

Malaria

Disease caused by Plasmodium spp., a protozoa, transmitted via mosquito bite/bloodstream, with human + mosquito reservoir; treated with antimalarials, resistance increasing.

HIV-AIDS

Disease caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus, an RNA retrovirus, transmitted via body fluids/mucosa, with human reservoir; treated with ART (HAART), resistance issues.

Staphylococcus aureus Infections

Disease caused by Staphylococcus aureus, a Gram-positive bacteria, transmitted via skin, contact, food, with human reservoir; treated with antibiotics, MRSA = resistant strain.

Streptococcus pyogenes Infections

Disease caused by Streptococcus pyogenes, a Gram-positive bacteria, transmitted via respiratory route, wounds, with human reservoir; treated with antibiotics, resistance rare.

Streptococcus pneumoniae Infections

Disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, a Gram-positive bacteria, transmitted via respiratory route, with human reservoir; prevented by PCV, PPSV vaccines, treated with antibiotics, some resistant strains.

Group B Streptococcus – Neonatal Meningitis

Disease caused by Streptococcus agalactiae, a Gram-positive bacteria, transmitted via vaginal canal to newborn, with human reservoir; treated with intrapartum antibiotics.

Human Herpes Viruses (HHV 1 – 4)

Disease caused by Herpes Simplex Virus 1 & 2, VZV, EBV, a DNA virus, transmitted via mucous membranes/saliva, with human reservoir; prevented by VZV vaccine, treated with acyclovir, antivirals.

Antigenic Drift

Small mutations in the influenza virus, leading to seasonal changes.

Antigenic Shift

Reassortment in the influenza virus, leading to new subtypes and potential pandemics (e.g., H1N1).

Latent TB

Tuberculosis infection with no symptoms and is not contagious.

Active TB

Tuberculosis infection with symptoms such as cough, weight loss, and is contagious.

HAART

Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy; combination drug therapy for HIV-AIDS.

PREP

Pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention.

PEPFAR

Global AIDS initiative.

Lancefield Groups

Classification method for streptococci (A, B, etc.).

Hemolysis

Classification method for streptococci based on blood agar: Alpha (partial), beta (complete), gamma (none).

HHV-1/2 Latency

Latency in neurons; HSV-1 is oral, HSV-2 is genital.

HHV-3 (VZV) Latency

Chickenpox (primary) leads to Shingles (reactivation); Latency in dorsal root ganglia.

HHV-4 (EBV)

Infectious mononucleosis; latency in B cells; associated with cancers (Burkitt’s lymphoma).