Communicable Disease

1. incubation

2. prodromal

3. illness

4. convalescence

5. defervescent period

stages of diseases

incubation period

• start: upon exposure

• end: first s/sx

prodromal

• start: first s/sx

• end: general s/sx: common s/sx

illness

• all s/sx appear

• peak (acme)

• pathognomic sx (specific)

convalescence

• s/sx are gradually disappearing

• period of recovery

defervescent

• onset of complications = death

tetanus

• spasm-inducing bacterial infection; naninigas

• AKA: lockjaw

clostridium tetani

• causative agent of tetanus

• anaerobic = hates air

3 days - 1 month

incubation period of tetanus

entry to intact skin (closed wound)

mode of transmission of tetanus

lockjaw / trismus

earliest s/sx of tetanus

rissus sardonicus

pathognomic sx of tetanus

1. laryngospasm

2. opisthotonos

3. spastic paralysis

other sc of tetanus

opisthotonos

exaggerated arching of the back

wound culture

confirmatory test for tetanus

strict environment

spatula test

alternative test for tetanus

(+) gag reflex

negative result of spatula test for tetanus

bites the material → spasm

positive result of spatula test for tetanus

1. DPT / pentavalent

2. tetanus toxoid

3. tetanus anti-toxin

vaccination for tetanus

DPT / pentavalent

given in 6,10,14 weeks

tetanus toxoid

given 5 shots, at least 2 shots; binibigay kapag walang sugat

tetanus anti-toxin

binibigay kapag may sugat na from tetanus

1. hydrogen peroxide

2. betadine; thin dressing

wound care for tetanus

non-stimulating to avoid seizure

what should be the environment for pt w/ tetanus? to prevent what?

high caloric diet

diet for pt w/ tetanus

metronidazole

• DOC for tetanus

• anti-microbial and anti-seizure

• no alcoholic beverages

tetracycline

• alternative drug for tetanus

• no calcium-rich food and beverages

meningitis

inflammation of the meninges (brain and spine)

cerebrospinal fever

meningitis is AKA

Neisseria meningitis

causative agent of meningitis

sa pharynx lang nakikita

2-10 days

incubation period ng meningitis

droplet

MOT of meningitis

nuchal rigidity / stiff neck

pathognomic sign of meningitis

1. photosensitivity

2. increase ICP

3. decrease LOC - starts w/ irritability → lethargy

4. positive kernig’s sign → knee

5. positive Brodzinski’s → batok

s/sx of meningitis

lumbar tap / lumbar puncture

• diag test for meningitis

cloudy/turbid = bacterial

clear = viral

result for lumbar tap of meningitis

perform MRI first

before lumbar tap, what is the nursing responsibility?

rifampicin

drug given for prophylaxis for meningitis; exposed

face mask

PPE for meningitis

1. remittent fever

2. onset of seizure

3. altered respiration

WOF danger sign of meningitis

report!

semi-fowlers

position of pt w/ meningitis

high fiber diet

diet for pt w/ meningitis

penicillin G or cephalosporin or chloramphenicol

DOC for meningitis

corticosteroids

DOC for inflammation

rabies

myeloencephalitis - causing viral infection

hydrophobia, la rage, lyssa

rabies is AKA

rhabdovirus

CA of rabies

2-8weeks; 2 months

IP of rabies

droplet = saliva

MOT of rabies

1. canine

2. sylvatic

2 types of rabies

canine

type of rabies

pet animals; dogs

sylvatic

type of rabies

non-pet animals: bats

1. withdrawn

2. hiding: sx of photophobia

• dumb stage

first stage od s/sx for dogs

it is also called ?

1. tingling at site

2. photophobia

• prodromal phase

first stage of s/sx for humans w/ rabies

also called?

1. fight and bites

2. hypersalivation

3. hydrophobia

• furious stage

• second stage of s/sx of rabies for dogs

• also called?

1. laryngospasm / dysphagia

2. hydrophobia

3. aerophobia → any type of scent or noise

4. maniacal behavior

• excitement phase

• 2nd stage of s/sx of rabies for humans

• also called?

• paralytic stage

• CP arrest

3rd stage

happens to both dogs and humans

also called?

1. 10 day observation of dog

2. brain biopsy

3. fluorescent rabies antibody

diagnostic test for rabies

1. dog vaccination → DA

2. pet owner resposibility → annual vaccination

3. dog bite victim management → DOH

preventive measures for rabies

1. wash: detergent soap and running water for 10-15 minutes

2. bayabas: antiseptic

3. consult ABC: need for vacc

management for rabies

ERIg; Equine rabies immunoglobulin

pinaka ginagamit na vacc for rabies

HRIg; human rabies immunoglobulin

if allergic sa ERIg; ito ang gagamitin

PVRV; purified Vero rabies vaccine

last vacc for rabies

1. category 1: wash; walang sugat; reddened area

2. category 2: vaccine; wound from chest → down

3. category 3: free ERIg; bitten from neck and head / oozing

categories of bites for rabies

1. monitor CP status

2. position; away from cr/sink

3. cover; IV fluids

4. maniacal behavior: restraint

5. emotional support; family

what should be done if rabies developed

poliomyelitis

flaccid paralysis inducing viral infection; nanlalambot

heine-medin disease / infantive paralysis

poliomyelitis is also known as

legio debilitans

CA of poliomyelitis

7-21 days

IP of polio

fecal-oral route

MOT of polio

1. subclinical - asymptomatic

2. abortive - 72 hours; 3 days; fever and sore throat

minor s/sx of polio

1. non paralytic

2. paralytic

major s/sx of polio

• PS: spine stiffness

• tripod position

• heyne sign: head lag

• paresis: muscle weakness

• paresthesia: tingling sensation

non-paralytic polio

• PS: spine stiffness

• tripod position

• heyne sign: head lag

• paresis: muscle weakness

• paresthesia: tingling sensation

• no tendon reflex

• positive kernig’s and brodzinki’s

paralytic polio

1. bulbar paralysis

2. spinal paralysis

3. bulbospinal

3 paralysis

bulbar paralysis

• brian stem

• CN9 → no swallow reflex; TPN or NGT

• CN10 → no CP reflex

spinal paralysis

• spine

• paralysis: limbs = kamay at paa

  • intercostal muscle → between ribs

bulbospinal

paralysis on bulbar and spinal

1. stool exam

2. lumbar tap: spinal and bulbospinal

3. electromyelogram

4. muscle grading

diagnostic test for polio

1. vaccine

2. enteric precaution

control measures for polio

1. OPV → sabin = sa bibig

2. IPV → salk = tinutusok

vaccines for polio

1. do not massage the area → warm compress

2. bed: firm and non-saggy → spinal stiffness

3. DOC bethanicol chloride → avoid respi depression; avoid urinary retention

4. DOC: pleconaril → inhibits viral entry → nervous system

management for poliomyelitis

hansen’s disease / hensenosis

leprosy is AKA

mycobacterium leprae

CA of leprosy

droplet and contact → prolonged exposure

MOT of leprosy

1. anesthesia → loss of sensation

2. skin discoloration → darkening

3. anhidrosis → loss of sweat

early s/sx of leprosy

1. madarosis → falling of eyebrows

2. lagophthalmos → inability to close the eyes

3. lion-like appearance → thick skin

4. contractures

5. wound that does not heal

6. gynecomastia

late signs of leprosy

madarosis

falling of eyebrows

lagophthalmos

inability to close the eyes

1. amputation

2. blindness

3. lucios phenomenon → skin status; kita ang muscles at bone

terminal signs of leprosy

1. confirmatory → slit skin smear

2. LRT → lepromin reaction test → test for communicability; interpret after 8-10 days

diagnostic tests for leprosy

has rashes → non-communicable

positive sign for LRT ; lepromin reaction test

no rashes → communicable

negative sign for LRT ; lepromin reaction test

1. vaccination: BCG → mycobacterium

2. prophylaxis: ROM

   • rifampicin

   • ofloxacin

   • minocycline

control measures for leprosy

1. hygiene

2. artificial tears

3. closed shoes

4. utensils: wooden

5. avoid rough/sharp objects

6. DOC:

• rifampicin

• dapsone

• clofazimine

management for leprosy

• rifampicin

• dapsone

• clofazimine

DOC for leprosy

• hemorrhagic fever → capillary fragility

• breakbone fever

• dandy fever

• infectious thrombocytopenic purpura

dengue is AKA

1. flavivirus

2. chikungunya

3. onyong nyong virus

CA of dengue

6-7 days or 1 week

IP of dengue

vector to living thing

aedes mosquito

• aedes aegypti → indoor

• aedes albopictus → outdoor

MOT of dengue

2 kinds of aedes