Cell Parts and Functions: Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, and Cell Structures

Cell Membrane

Barrier between inside and outside of the cell; Phospholipid bilayer; Fluid Mosaic Model; Semi-permeable: Only lets what is supposed to go across, across.

Nucleus

Nuclear Envelope that surrounds it; Contain and protect DNA; Section called the nucleolus that makes ribosomes.

Ribosomes

Making proteins - read RNA to make proteins.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Package proteins for transport; Rough ER: has ribosomes on it; Smooth ER: make lipids + stores Ca2+ ions.

Vesicles

Transporting proteins through and out of the cell; Phospholipid Bilayer.

Golgi Apparatus

Modify Protein Folding; Ship the protein to its final destination.

Lysosomes

Break down macromolecules that aren't being used (waste); Vesicle that's filled with enzymes.

Mitochondria

Take sugars -> convert to usable energy; ATP (usable energy).

Endosymbiotic Theory

Mitochondria and chloroplasts were once their own prokaryotic cells, which were absorbed by larger cells.

Chloroplasts

Do Photosynthesis; Take light energy -> Convert into Carbohydrates.

Vacuoles

Storage; Central vacuole can take up 90% of space in a plant cell; Regulates the rigidity of the plant cell.

Cytoskeleton

Maintaining structure of the cell; Microtubules and microfilaments; Transport: highways for vesicles to be transported on in Eukaryotes.

Flagellum

Tail that aids in locomotion (movement); Some eukaryotic and prokaryotic but not all.

Cell Wall

Made out of different materials based on what type of cell; Plant - cellulose (carb); Fungi Cells - Chitin (protein); Prokaryotic - peptidoglycan (½ carb + ½ protein).

Cell Junctions

Connections between cells to share materials; Both: Multicellular Eukaryotes and Colonies of bacteria.

Extracellular Matrix

Tissues of exported proteins, carbs, etc. that connect the cell to other cells as part of a multicellular organism; Ie. Skin cells -> skin tissue which is made of the extracellular matrix.

Single Circular chromosome (packaged DNA)

Prokaryotes have less DNA and no nucleus