Lecture 15- The Brain

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107 Terms

1

20 billion

The brain consists of roughly ___________ neurons

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2

Prosencephalon, Mesencephalon, Rhombencephalon

what are the 3 primary brain vesicles that are formed in the forth week of development?

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telencephalon and diencephalon

what is formed by the prosencephalon at 6 weeks development?

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Metencephalon and Myelencephalon

what is formed by the rhombencephalon at 6 weeks development?

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midbrain

what brain regions are formed from the mesencephalon?

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6

Prosencephalon

what primary brain vesicle later forms the cerebrum, epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus

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Rhombencephalon

what primary brain vesicle later forms the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata

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medulla oblongata

relays information to the thalamus and brainstem/regulates heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion

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pons

Relays information to the cerebellum and the thalamus/regulates somatic and visceral motor center

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10

mesencephalon (midbrain)

processes visual and auditory data/maintains consciousness and alertness/involved with reflexive somatic motor responses to stimuli

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thalamus

relays information to the cerebrum/processes sensory information

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hypothalymus

involved in emotions, thirst, some habitual activity/connects to the pituitary gland
(hypophysis) via the infundibulum

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13

cerebellum

coordinates somatic motor function/adjusts output of somatic motor centers resulting in smooth operation

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14

cerebrum

conscious thought processes/intellectual functions. Memory storage/conscious regulation of skeletal muscle contractions

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15

sulci

grooves in the cerebrum

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16

gyri

ridges in the cerebrum

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17

bones, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, blood-brain barrier, blood supply

what elements are involved in protection of the skull

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18

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

3 layers of the cranial meninges from. outermost to inermost

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19

periosteal cranial dura

• Outermost layer of the dura mater
• This is the layer felt within the anterior fontanelle of a baby
• Fused to the periosteum lining of the cranial bones

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20

Meningeal cranial dura

Innermost layer of the dura mater

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21

spaces between 2 layers of the cranial dura

what creates dural sinuses?

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22

falx cerebri

Meningeal layer that extends into the longitudinal fissure

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23

superior sagittal sinus and inferior sagittal sinus

what main sinuses are contained in the falx cerebri?

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tentorium cerebelli

Separates the cerebellar hemispheres from the cerebral hemispheres

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transverse sinus

what main sinuses are contained in the tentorium cerebelli?

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subdural space

space between arachnoid mater and meningeal cranial dura

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27

arachnoid granulations

the arachnoid mater contains projections called ___________ where SF flows through to enter into venous circulation

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28

hypothalamus, capillaries in pineal gland, capillaries in choroid plexus, capillaries in posterior lobe of pituitary gland

What are the Four major regions within brain where the blood brain barrier (BBB) is different from rest of brain?

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prevents neural tissue from touching surrounding bones, supports brain, transports nutrients, transports waste

function of cerebrospinal fluid

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30

ependymal cells in the choroid plexus

where is CSF produced?

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31

medulla oblongata

continuous with the spinal cord to the brainstem, all info passes through during communication between brain and spinal cord

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Gracile nucleus and cuneate nucleus

Pass somatic sensory information to the thalamus

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Solitary nucleus

Receives visceral sensation from the spinal nerves and cranial nerves

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olivary nuclei

Pass information from the cerebrum, spinal cord, diencephalon, and brainstem to the cerebellum
create the olives (bulges on the medulla oblongata)))

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35

8-12

what cranial nerves are located in the medulla oblongata?

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36

5-8

what cranial nerves are located in the pons?

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37

controls breathing and relays cerebellar commands

functions of the pons

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38

apneustic center

increases the rate of breathing

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pneumotaxic center

decreases the rate of breathing

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40

mesencephalon

another name for the midbrain

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corpora quadrigemina

pairs of nuclei found in the midbrain are collectively called….

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42

inferior colliculi

Auditory processing occurs in the __________

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43

superior colliculi

The part of the midbrain where visual processing occurs is the __________

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44

epithalamus

Contains the pineal gland/produces melatonin

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hypothalymus

-Subconscious control of skeletal muscles
– Heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and digestive functions
– Secretion of antidiuretic hormone (via the supraoptic nucleus) and oxytocin (via the paraventricular nucleus)
– Emotional and behavioral drives and thirst drives

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46

cerebellar cortex

subconscious coordination of movements

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arbor vitae

subconscious coordination of movements

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superior cerebellar peduncles

connect cerebellum with mesencephalon, diencephalon, and cerebrum

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middle cerebellar peduncles

communicate between cerebellum and pons

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inferior cerebellar peduncles

connect cerebellum with the medulla oblongata

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frontal lobe

conscious control of skeletal muscles

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occipital lobe

perception of visual stimuli

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parietal lobe

conscious perception of touch, pressure, vibration, pain, temperature, and taste

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temporal lobe

conscious perception of auditory and olfactory stimuli/deep is the insula

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precentral gyrus

– Anterior to the central sulcus
– Neurons direct voluntary movements by controlling somatic motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord
– Consists of primary motor cortex and pyramidal cells

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postcentral gyrus

– Consists of the primary somatosensory cortex
– Posterior to the central sulcus
– Neurons receive somatic sensory information for touch, pressure, pain, taste, and are associated with visual cortex, auditory cortex, olfactory cortex, and gustatory cortex

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Somatosensory association area

allows for the understanding of size, form, and texture

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premotor cortex

uses memories of learned movement to coordinate motor activities

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visual association area

visually recognizes and interprets objects

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auditory association area

recognizes sound

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wernicke’s area

analytical area/plays a role in personality

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speech center or brocas area

speech production / regulates breathing pattern for speech

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receptive speech area

Adjusts the speech based on feedback from auditory stimuli

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Prefrontal lobotomy

removal of a lobe of prefrontal cortex

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prefrontal cortex

Performs complicated learning and reasoning functions

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left hemisphere

hemisphere that is the speech center, writing, language, mathematics

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right hemisphere

hemisphere that is analysis by touch, spatial visualization

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association fibers

Tracts that interconnect areas of neural cortex within a hemisphere

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commissural fibers

Tracts that connect the two hemispheres

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projection fibers

tracts that link the cerebrum with other regions of the brain and spinal cord

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basal nuclei

masses of gray matter embedded in the white matter inferior to the lateral ventricles

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Caudate Nucleus and Putamen

Control the cycles of arm and leg movements when walking

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Globus Pallidus

Adjusts muscle tone to prepare for walking

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the limbic system

located between the cerebrum and the diencephalon just superior to the corpus callosum

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12

how many pairs of. cranial nerves are there?

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anterior

cranial nerves are numbered beginning at the ________ aspect of the brain

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Sensory (smell)

Function of olfactory nerve I

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Sensory (vision)

Function of optic nerve II

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79

Controls extra-ocular eye muscles

Function of oculomotor nerves III

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80

controls the superior oblique eye muscle/motor

Function of trochlear nerves IV

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81

sensory and motor function

function of trigeminal nerves V

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82

motor- control superior oblique eye muscles

Function of trochlear nerves VI

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83

controls eye movements/motor function

function of the abducens nerves VI

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84

• myelencephalon

Which secondary brain vesicle gives rise to the medulla oblongata at birth?
• telencephalon
• metencephalon
• diencephalon
• myelencephalon

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85

• choroid plexus, third ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, fourth ventricle

Which of the following is the correct sequence of the flow of CSF associated with the brain?
• choroid plexus, third ventricle, lateral ventricle, fourth ventricle
• choroid plexus, cerebral aqueduct, third ventricle, fourth ventricle
• choroid plexus, lateral ventricle, median aperture, third ventricle,
cerebral aqueduct, fourth ventricle
• choroid plexus, third ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, fourth ventricle

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86

• Even when circulating glucose levels are low, endothelial cells
continue to transport glucose from the blood to the interstitial fluid of
the brain.

Which of the following statements regarding endothelial transport across the blood brain barrier is TRUE?
• Endothelial cells passively absorb glycine from the interstitial fluid of
the brain and secrete it into the blood.
• It is neither selective nor directional.
• Even when circulating glucose levels are low, endothelial cells
continue to transport glucose from the blood to the interstitial fluid of
the brain.
• The permeability characteristics of the endothelial lining of the brain
capillaries are in some way dependent on chemicals secreted by
ependymal cells.

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87

• cerebrum, thalamus, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

Going from superior to inferior, which of the following is the correct sequence of brain structures?
• cerebrum, midbrain, thalamus, pons, medulla oblongata
• cerebrum, thalamus, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
• cerebrum, thalamus, pons, midbrain, medulla oblongata
• medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain, thalamus, cerebrum

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88

• trochlear, oculomotor, abducens

Which of the following cranial nerves control the extra-ocular eye muscles?
• oculomotor, trochlear, optic
• oculomotor, facial, abducens
• trochlear, oculomotor, abducens
• optic, abducens, oculomotor

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89

controls muscles of the face and sensations from the face (taste)

function of the facial nerves VII

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90

balance and hearing

function of the vestibulocochlear nerves VIII

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91

tongue pain sensation and motor function

function of the glossopharyngeal nerves IX

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92

receives sensory information from organs, sends motor information to organs

function of the vagus nerves X

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93

controls the sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, palate, pharynx, and larynx muscles

function of the accessory nerves XI

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94

controls tongue movement

function of the hypoglossal nerves XII

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95

establishes emotional states, links conscious and unconscious functions, facilitates memory storage and retrieval

what are the functions of the limbic system?

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96

the fornix

Tract of white matter connecting the hippocampus with the hypothalamus

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97

mammillary bodies

control reflex movements associated with eating

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limbic lobe and hippocapmus

what makes up the limbic system?

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99

Falx cerebelli

Extends from the tentorium cerebelli to separate the cerebellar hemispheres

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Diaphragma sellae

Lines the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
• It anchors the dura mater to the sphenoid bone
• It encases the pituitary gland

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