may y12 mocks

neuroimaging - ethical: raine

• raine et al studied the brain activity of NGRIs compared to non-NGRIs using PET scans.

• PET scans inject a radioactive glucose tracer. brain uses glucose to function so the brain areas that are more active will have a higher glucose metabolism

• NGRIs lower activity in the brain areas responsible for emotional processing and impulse control such as the prefrontal cortex and amygdala

neuroimaging - unethical: phelps et al

• fMRI scans to study brain activity related to unconscious racial evaluation

• fMRI scans measure brain activity by detecting changes in the blood flow

• strong magnet and radio waves, images showing which parts of brain are active

• white participants viewed unfamiliar black and white male faces while measuring amygdala activation

• they found greater amygdala activation to black versus white faces, indicating implicit racial bias.

brain enhancement - ethical: pitman et al

• patients either received propranolol (medication for heart problems or anxiety)

• or placebo within 6 hours of traumatic event

• PTSD symptoms were measured at 1 month using a structured clinical interview

• 3 months later, emotional reactivity was assessed using a script-driven imagery test

• propranolol group had lower PTSD symptoms, suggesting reduced traumatic memory consolidation

brain enhancement - unethical: darps, modafinil

• cns stimulant that treats excessive sleepiness caused by narcolepsy

• improves performance in high stress, sleep-deprived situations such as helicopter simulations

• aims to boost soldier capabilities like endurance

• may have civilian applications

neuroimaging - ethical: mayberg

• electrodes implanted into brain + electrical impulses stimulate certain brain areas

• has shown safety efficacy in treated movement disorders

• also caused increase of interest and dbs has been able to grow better and techniques have been able to improve

neuroimaging - unethical: castrioto

• electrodes in brain send electrical impulses to target brain areas

• both motor and non-motor improvements

• can cause excessive inhibition, affecting movement, cognition and emotions

home - YES: benjamin & gebbert

• 90 parents rated their youngest night trained child on interactions during night training

• positive reinforcements (hugging, kissing) encouraged staying dry

• punishment (shaming, spanking) delayed learning

• operant conditioning helps learn key behaviours, punishment hinders progress

home - NO: george holden

• audiotaped families in the evening over 15 night period

• 41 incidents of smacking or hitting

• ten minutes after being smacked, children were misbehaving again in 75% of incidents

• therefore, hitting to control behaviour is ineffective + counterproductive

school - YES: lee ross, lewin

• spiral model: as each cycle pass, stricter more rewarding methods used to see how student behaviour develop over time

• more positive reinforcement → more likely to respond than when less positive reinforcement was used

• therefore, posit. reinfo. can yield continuity of positive behaviour

school - NO: lepper et al

• one group children told they would get reward playing with markers

• another group got no reward, then got surprise reward

• told get no reward, significantly less interested in playing with markers

• therefore, using conditioning can reduce intrinsic motivation to do tasks, shouldn’t be used

vulnerable groups - YES: wolf, risely and mees

• time outs effective in reducing stuttering and behavioural issues

• token economic successful in teaching reading, increasing work time, improving behaviour by rewarding positive behaviour

• therefore, operant cond. should be used can enhance behaviour through strategic use of rewards and punishment

vulnerable groups - NO: the independent

• judge rotenberg centre ruled by judge to continue using electric shocks to manage inappropriate behaviours in special needs students

• some parents praised the technique as life-changing

• therefore, shouldn’t be unethical, no longer method that is used