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covers sui-song china, unit 1 AP World 1200-1450
Three Kingdom Period
Period of political instability and warring states after the collapse of the Han dynasty
Grand Canal
Canal built in the Sui Dynasty to transport food from South to North
Civil Service Exam
Exam that determined bureaucracy staff; focus on Confucian values
Middle Kingdom
The idea Chinese leader held that they were the center around which others revolved
Mahayana Buddhism
More accessible to a large population: allowed worshipers to live ordinary lives, not just monks. Included the idea of bodhisatttvas (fully enlightened beings postponing their liberation to help humanity), and made Buddha into a god. Popular salvation religion
Theravada Buddhism
Less accessible: rigorous, long meditation and no accessible supernatural figures. Thought of gods as insignificant in achieving nirvana, and Buddha was not thought of as a god
Tibetan Buddhism
Emphasized awareness of/preparation for death with many spiritual practices; originated in 7th century
Confucianism
Derived from Confucius, the non-divine, official ideology of China. Focused on moral behavior (junzi for men) and unequal relationships in society. Valued filial piety, education, personal reflection
Daoism
Derived from Laozi, the opposite of Confucianism that was still practiced as a complement to it. Valued withdrawal into nature (dao: way of nature), individualism, spontaneity, simple living
Mandate of Heaven
A supernatural right of the emperor to lead based on Confucianism. Used to legitimize power, but also provided grounds for peasant revolts/dynasty ends when emperor was deemed ineffective
Neoconfucianism
Syncretic religion mixing Buddhism and Confucianism
Chan/Zen Buddhism
Syncretic religions mixing Buddhism and Daoism
Foot binding
Restrictive practice on women used to create more attractive, dainty feet. Represented women’s limited independence/rights in patriarchal China
Tributary relationship
China’s imposed influence/dominance over its neighbors, resulting in a tributary relationship where other countries paid respect to the Chinese emperor by paying tribute (goods, money, etc.)
Scholar Gentry
The new class of educated government officials accompanying the revival of the CSE/imperial bureaucracy. Eventually overtook the aristocracy in terms of power/numbers
Flying cash
A primitive banking system that allowed the transfer of cash over large distances without actually carrying it: cashing in money at one location, then withdrawing that amount at another location
Equal field system
Tang land reform policy assigning more land to peasants and taking land from the aristocracy; meant less to help peasants, more to decrease aristocrat power
Commercialization
Transition between production for local markets/use to a bigger, more global scale involving larger, foreign markets
Proto-industrialization
Phase before actual industrialization of commercialization of markets and development of large enterprises catering to an international audience
Note 
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