Studied by 8 people
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anatomy
study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to another
physiology
study of the function of body parts and how they work to carry out life-sustaining activities
gross/macroscopic anatomy
study of large, visible structure
regional anatomy
looking at all structures in a particular area of the body
systemic anatomy
looks at just one separate system
surface anatomy
looks at internal structures as they relate to overlying skin (veins and visible muscle masses)
microscopic anatomy
deals with structure too small to be seen by naked eye
cytology
microscopic study of cells
histology
microscopic study of tissues
developmental anatomy
studies anatomical and physiological development through life
embryology
study of developments before birth
Does function reflect structure?
Yes, and it is known as the principle of complementary of structure and function
what is the correct order of structural organization in the body?
chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
what are the requirements for life?
maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth
Maintaining boundaries
separation between internal and external environments, plasma membranes separate cells, skin separates organism from environment m
movement
muscular system allows movement, of body parts through skeletal muscles, of substances via cardiac muscle (blood) and smooth muscle (digestion and urination). contractility refers to movement at the cellular level
responsiveness
ability to sense and respond to stimuli. withdrawal reflex prevents injury, control of breathing rate, which must change in response to different activities
digestion
breakdown of ingestion food, followed by absorption of simple molecules into blood
metabolism
all chemical reactions that occur in body cells, sum of all catabolic (breakdown) and anabolic (synthesis)
excretion
removal of waste from metabolism and digestion. urea (breakdown of proteins), carbon dioxide (metabolism), and feces (unabsorbed foods)
reproduction
division of cells for growth and repair (mitosis), production of offspring
growth
increase in size of a body part of an organism
describe human function
multicellular, relies on individual cells that are alive, organ systems service the cells, all cells depend on organ systems to meet their survival needs, the 11 organ systems work together to maintain life
what are the survival needs of a human
nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, appropriate atmospheric pressure
nutrients
chemicals for energy and cell building
carbohydrates
major source of energy
proteins
needed for cell building and cell chemistry
fats
long term energy storage
minerals/vitamins
involved in chemical reactions as well as for structural purposes
oxygen
essential for release of energy from foods
water
most abundant chemical in the body, provides the watery environment needed for chemical reactions
if this is not maintained the rates of chemical reactions are affected
normal body temperature
why is appropriate atmospheric pressure so important?
specific pressure of air is needed for adequate breathing and gas exchange in the lungs
what is homeostasis?
maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite changes in environment
what components help maintain the balance of homeostasis
organ systems, dynamic state, receptor, control center, and effector
variables
factors that can change like blood sugar, body temp, and blood volume
receptor
monitors environment, responds to stimuli
control center
determines set point at which variable is maintained by receiving input from the receptor
effector
receives output from control center, provides means to respond, response can enhance or reduce stimulus
negative feedback
reduces or shuts off original stimulus, variable changes in opposite direction of initial change (blood glucose in insulin)
positive feedback
response enhances the original stimulus, may exhibit an amplifying effect as feedback causes variable to continue in same direction as initial change (contractions, blood clotting)
disturbances in homeostasis
increases risk of disease, contributes to changes with aging, and the control system becomes less efficient
what does overwhelmed negative feedback lead to?
destructive positive feedback, which leads to heart failure
standard position
body erect, feet apart, palms forward, thumbs away
directional
describing one structure in relation to another
axial
head, neck, and trunk
appendicular
limbs
regional terms
specific areas within the body divisions
what are the body planes
sagittal, frontal (coronal), transverse
section
cut or slice/section made along the body plane
sagittal
divides body vertically
medial or midsagittal
cut on midline in equal parts
parasagittal
cut is in unequal parts
frontal
vertically into anterior and posterior
transverse
divides body horizontally into superior and inferior
oblique
results of cuts that are at an angle other than 90 degrees to vertical plane
what are the 2 MAIN body cavities?
dorsal and ventralw
what does dorsal mean
behind/back
what does ventral mean
bellyside/front
what does the dorsal cavity do?
protections nervous system and it fosters the cranial cavity (brain) and the vertebral cavity (spinal cord)
what does the ventral cavity do?
houses the internal viscera (organs). contains the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
what 2 pleural cavities are housed by the thoracic region
mediastinum and pericardial
what is the mediastinum
houses the pericardial cavity and surrounds other thoracic organs like the esophagus and trachea
what is the pericardial cavity
it encloses the heart
what are the 2 cavities in the abdominopelvic region
abdominal and pelvic
what does the abdominal cavity house
stomach, spleen, liver, and intestines
what does the pelvic cavity house
urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum
serous membrane
thin double layered membranes that cover surfaces in ventral body cavity
parietal
lines cavity walls
visceral
covers internal organs
serous fluid
fluid that is surrounding visceral organs
what is pericardium
heart
what is pleura
lungs
what is peritoneum
abdominopelvic cavity
what are the 4 quadrants of the abdominopelvic cavity
right upper, right lower, left upper, and left lower
what are the 9 regions of the abdomen?
right hypochondriac, left hypochondriac, epigastric, umbilical, right lumbar, left lumbar, hypogastric, right iliac, and left iliac
what are some other body cavities?
oral, digestive, nasal, orbital, middle ear, and synovial
