Chapter 1- Anatomy and Physiology

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77 Terms

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anatomy
study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to another
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physiology
study of the function of body parts and how they work to carry out life-sustaining activities
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gross/macroscopic anatomy
study of large, visible structure
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regional anatomy
looking at all structures in a particular area of the body
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systemic anatomy
looks at just one separate system
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surface anatomy
looks at internal structures as they relate to overlying skin (veins and visible muscle masses)
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microscopic anatomy
deals with structure too small to be seen by naked eye
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cytology
microscopic study of cells
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histology
microscopic study of tissues
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developmental anatomy
studies anatomical and physiological development through life
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embryology
study of developments before birth
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Does function reflect structure?
Yes, and it is known as the principle of complementary of structure and function
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what is the correct order of structural organization in the body?
chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
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what are the requirements for life?
maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth
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Maintaining boundaries
separation between internal and external environments, plasma membranes separate cells, skin separates organism from environment m
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movement
muscular system allows movement, of body parts through skeletal muscles, of substances via cardiac muscle (blood) and smooth muscle (digestion and urination). contractility refers to movement at the cellular level
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responsiveness
ability to sense and respond to stimuli. withdrawal reflex prevents injury, control of breathing rate, which must change in response to different activities
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digestion
breakdown of ingestion food, followed by absorption of simple molecules into blood
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metabolism
all chemical reactions that occur in body cells, sum of all catabolic (breakdown) and anabolic (synthesis)
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excretion
removal of waste from metabolism and digestion. urea (breakdown of proteins), carbon dioxide (metabolism), and feces (unabsorbed foods)
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reproduction
division of cells for growth and repair (mitosis), production of offspring
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growth
increase in size of a body part of an organism
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describe human function
multicellular, relies on individual cells that are alive, organ systems service the cells, all cells depend on organ systems to meet their survival needs, the 11 organ systems work together to maintain life
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what are the survival needs of a human
nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, appropriate atmospheric pressure
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nutrients
chemicals for energy and cell building
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carbohydrates
major source of energy
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proteins
needed for cell building and cell chemistry
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fats
long term energy storage
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minerals/vitamins
involved in chemical reactions as well as for structural purposes
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oxygen
essential for release of energy from foods
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water
most abundant chemical in the body, provides the watery environment needed for chemical reactions
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if this is not maintained the rates of chemical reactions are affected
normal body temperature
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why is appropriate atmospheric pressure so important?
specific pressure of air is needed for adequate breathing and gas exchange in the lungs
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what is homeostasis?
maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite changes in environment
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what components help maintain the balance of homeostasis
organ systems, dynamic state, receptor, control center, and effector
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variables
factors that can change like blood sugar, body temp, and blood volume
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receptor
monitors environment, responds to stimuli
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control center
determines set point at which variable is maintained by receiving input from the receptor
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effector
receives output from control center, provides means to respond, response can enhance or reduce stimulus
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negative feedback
reduces or shuts off original stimulus, variable changes in opposite direction of initial change (blood glucose in insulin)
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positive feedback
response enhances the original stimulus, may exhibit an amplifying effect as feedback causes variable to continue in same direction as initial change (contractions, blood clotting)
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disturbances in homeostasis
increases risk of disease, contributes to changes with aging, and the control system becomes less efficient
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what does overwhelmed negative feedback lead to?
destructive positive feedback, which leads to heart failure
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standard position
body erect, feet apart, palms forward, thumbs away
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directional
describing one structure in relation to another
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axial
head, neck, and trunk
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appendicular
limbs
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regional terms
specific areas within the body divisions
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what are the body planes
sagittal, frontal (coronal), transverse
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section
cut or slice/section made along the body plane
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sagittal
divides body vertically
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medial or midsagittal
cut on midline in equal parts
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parasagittal
cut is in unequal parts
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frontal
vertically into anterior and posterior
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transverse
divides body horizontally into superior and inferior
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oblique
results of cuts that are at an angle other than 90 degrees to vertical plane
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what are the 2 MAIN body cavities?
dorsal and ventralw
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what does dorsal mean
behind/back
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what does ventral mean
bellyside/front
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what does the dorsal cavity do?
protections nervous system and it fosters the cranial cavity (brain) and the vertebral cavity (spinal cord)
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what does the ventral cavity do?
houses the internal viscera (organs). contains the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
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what 2 pleural cavities are housed by the thoracic region
mediastinum and pericardial
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what is the mediastinum
houses the pericardial cavity and surrounds other thoracic organs like the esophagus and trachea
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what is the pericardial cavity
it encloses the heart
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what are the 2 cavities in the abdominopelvic region
abdominal and pelvic
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what does the abdominal cavity house
stomach, spleen, liver, and intestines
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what does the pelvic cavity house
urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum
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serous membrane
thin double layered membranes that cover surfaces in ventral body cavity
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parietal
lines cavity walls
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visceral
covers internal organs
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serous fluid
fluid that is surrounding visceral organs
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what is pericardium
heart
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what is pleura
lungs
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what is peritoneum
abdominopelvic cavity
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what are the 4 quadrants of the abdominopelvic cavity
right upper, right lower, left upper, and left lower
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what are the 9 regions of the abdomen?
right hypochondriac, left hypochondriac, epigastric, umbilical, right lumbar, left lumbar, hypogastric, right iliac, and left iliac
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what are some other body cavities?
oral, digestive, nasal, orbital, middle ear, and synovial