Chapter 1- Anatomy and Physiology

anatomy

anatomy

study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to another

physiology

study of the function of body parts and how they work to carry out life-sustaining activities

gross/macroscopic anatomy

study of large, visible structure

regional anatomy

looking at all structures in a particular area of the body

systemic anatomy

looks at just one separate system

surface anatomy

looks at internal structures as they relate to overlying skin (veins and visible muscle masses)

microscopic anatomy

deals with structure too small to be seen by naked eye

cytology

microscopic study of cells

histology

microscopic study of tissues

developmental anatomy

studies anatomical and physiological development through life

embryology

study of developments before birth

Does function reflect structure?

Yes, and it is known as the principle of complementary of structure and function

what is the correct order of structural organization in the body?

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

what are the requirements for life?

maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth

Maintaining boundaries

separation between internal and external environments, plasma membranes separate cells, skin separates organism from environment m

movement

muscular system allows movement, of body parts through skeletal muscles, of substances via cardiac muscle (blood) and smooth muscle (digestion and urination). contractility refers to movement at the cellular level

responsiveness

ability to sense and respond to stimuli. withdrawal reflex prevents injury, control of breathing rate, which must change in response to different activities

digestion

breakdown of ingestion food, followed by absorption of simple molecules into blood

metabolism

all chemical reactions that occur in body cells, sum of all catabolic (breakdown) and anabolic (synthesis)

excretion

removal of waste from metabolism and digestion. urea (breakdown of proteins), carbon dioxide (metabolism), and feces (unabsorbed foods)

reproduction

division of cells for growth and repair (mitosis), production of offspring

growth

increase in size of a body part of an organism

describe human function

multicellular, relies on individual cells that are alive, organ systems service the cells, all cells depend on organ systems to meet their survival needs, the 11 organ systems work together to maintain life

what are the survival needs of a human

nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, appropriate atmospheric pressure

nutrients

chemicals for energy and cell building

carbohydrates

major source of energy

proteins

needed for cell building and cell chemistry

fats

long term energy storage

minerals/vitamins

involved in chemical reactions as well as for structural purposes

oxygen

essential for release of energy from foods

water

most abundant chemical in the body, provides the watery environment needed for chemical reactions

if this is not maintained the rates of chemical reactions are affected

normal body temperature

why is appropriate atmospheric pressure so important?

specific pressure of air is needed for adequate breathing and gas exchange in the lungs

what is homeostasis?

maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite changes in environment

what components help maintain the balance of homeostasis

organ systems, dynamic state, receptor, control center, and effector

variables

factors that can change like blood sugar, body temp, and blood volume

receptor

monitors environment, responds to stimuli

control center

determines set point at which variable is maintained by receiving input from the receptor

effector

receives output from control center, provides means to respond, response can enhance or reduce stimulus

negative feedback

reduces or shuts off original stimulus, variable changes in opposite direction of initial change (blood glucose in insulin)

positive feedback

response enhances the original stimulus, may exhibit an amplifying effect as feedback causes variable to continue in same direction as initial change (contractions, blood clotting)

disturbances in homeostasis

increases risk of disease, contributes to changes with aging, and the control system becomes less efficient

what does overwhelmed negative feedback lead to?

destructive positive feedback, which leads to heart failure

standard position

body erect, feet apart, palms forward, thumbs away

directional

describing one structure in relation to another

axial

head, neck, and trunk

appendicular

limbs

regional terms

specific areas within the body divisions

what are the body planes

sagittal, frontal (coronal), transverse

section

cut or slice/section made along the body plane

sagittal

divides body vertically

medial or midsagittal

cut on midline in equal parts

parasagittal

cut is in unequal parts

frontal

vertically into anterior and posterior

transverse

divides body horizontally into superior and inferior

oblique

results of cuts that are at an angle other than 90 degrees to vertical plane

what are the 2 MAIN body cavities?

dorsal and ventralw

what does dorsal mean

behind/back

what does ventral mean

bellyside/front

what does the dorsal cavity do?

protections nervous system and it fosters the cranial cavity (brain) and the vertebral cavity (spinal cord)

what does the ventral cavity do?

houses the internal viscera (organs). contains the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

what 2 pleural cavities are housed by the thoracic region

mediastinum and pericardial

what is the mediastinum

houses the pericardial cavity and surrounds other thoracic organs like the esophagus and trachea

what is the pericardial cavity

it encloses the heart

what are the 2 cavities in the abdominopelvic region

abdominal and pelvic

what does the abdominal cavity house

stomach, spleen, liver, and intestines

what does the pelvic cavity house

urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

serous membrane

thin double layered membranes that cover surfaces in ventral body cavity

parietal

lines cavity walls

visceral

covers internal organs

serous fluid

fluid that is surrounding visceral organs

what is pericardium

heart

what is pleura

lungs

what is peritoneum

abdominopelvic cavity

what are the 4 quadrants of the abdominopelvic cavity

right upper, right lower, left upper, and left lower

what are the 9 regions of the abdomen?

right hypochondriac, left hypochondriac, epigastric, umbilical, right lumbar, left lumbar, hypogastric, right iliac, and left iliac

what are some other body cavities?

oral, digestive, nasal, orbital, middle ear, and synovial