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Persuasion is defined as…
changes in attitudes or beliefs
Leonardo is unaware that he has negative feelings for Italians. This is an example of…
an implicit attitude
The mere exposure effect refers to the fact that…
repeated experiences can create attitudes
According to the cognitive response model, persuasion will likely occur if a person…
has mostly positive thoughts about the message
According to the ELM, we need both _____ and _____ to engage in central route processing.
motivation; ability
Fabrizio is reading a newspaper article about how vision works. Although he is able to understand it, he is not very interested in the topic. Fabrizio is likely to…
peripherally process the message
What are three primary components of credibility?
expertise, trustworthiness, goodwill
Effective fear appeals contain both a ____ and an _____ component.
threat; efficacy
A car ad that focuses on the buyer’s image if he drives it will likely appeal to people who are…
high self-monitors
Message quality is usually more important to persuasion when a person is…
very interested in the topic
Which of the following is NOT one of the four attributes of attitudes that relate to attitude strength?
Importance
Accessibility
Personal experience
Dissonance
dissonance
Immediately after choosing which graduate school to attend, Sharon feels much more certain that she made the correct choice. This increased certainty is likely a result of…
post-decisional dissonance
_____ suggests that we help others because it brings us rewards.
egoism
_____ suggests that we help others purely for the sake of those others and not for ourselves.
altruism
What type of reciprocity describes the condition whereby one provides help to another even though the recipient has no chance to return the favor?
indirect reciprocity
Research by Oishi et al. (2007) found that the length of time a person has lived in a particular community is _____ with prosocial behavior.
positively correlated
According to the _____, people often help to relieve their own distress caused by seeing someone else in distress.
negative state relief model
Which of these is NOT one of the 5 objective characteristics of emergencies, as outlined by Latané and Darley that distinguish them from ordinary help-requiring situations?
involve the threat of or actual harm
situation is unusual and rare
situation is common and foreseen
situation is unforeseen/unpredictable
situation is common and foreseen
One of the antecedents of emphatic concern in Batson’s empathy-altruism model is…
valuing the victim’s welfare
Jezebel possesses empathic self-efficacy. This means that she…
believes that she is able to help others in need
What group of people are more likely to engage in nonemergency helping?
women
Shauna refuses to give to charities because she believes that people get what they deserve. Shauna agrees with the…
just world hypothesis
In general, _____ help more than _____
collectivists; individualists
_____ refers to the extent to which one focuses on the family or extended in group, as opposed to herself, as the primary social unit.
cultural embeddedness
According to the chapter, aggressive behavior…
is always intentional
Which of these illustrates instrumental aggression?
Robert is mad and punches his brother
Sandy swears because she is stuck in traffic
Katerina pushes someone in order to be first in line
Leo has a bad headache and consequently kicks his dog
Katerina pushes someone in order to be first in line
Growing up, Alex learned specific scripts for being physically aggressive toward romantic partners. This means that Alex learned…
norms for when aggression is appropriate
According to the original frustration-aggression hypothesis…
frustration always leads to aggression
Which is NOT one of the antecedents to aggression, according to the Cognitive Neoassociationist Theory?
negative expectations
In addition to pain, other situational factors that can increase aggression mentioned in the text include…
hot weather, loud noise, and foul odors
Consistent with the _____, aggressive thoughts can be triggered by exposure to words related to hot temperatures.
principle of spreading activation
Weapons and violent images can similarly increase aggression by…
priming aggressive thoughts
According to the chapter, what are the two most common interpersonal factors social psychologists study in relation to aggression?
social rejection and provocation
One of the characteristics of a culture of honor is that people are sensitive to…
threats to their reputation
_____ is defined as behavior that is intended to disrupt relationships and includes gossip, spreading rumors, and social exclusion
relational aggression
Place holder
A term used in research to indicate a temporary or generic label for a concept or variable.
People who exhibit the _____ tend to interpret the behavior of others in negative, threatening ways
hostile attribution bias
An example of a stereotype is:
disliking all Iranians
thinking that all Iranians are hard workers
giving Iranians, but not Italians, special privileges
believing that Tiger Woods is a good golfer
thinking that all Iranians are hard workers
An example of prejudice is:
disliking all Iranians
thinking that all Iranians are hard workers
giving Iranians, but not Italians, special privileges
believing that Tiger Woods is a good golfer
disliking all Iranians
Which of the following is an example of discrimination?
disliking all Iranians
thinking that all Iranians are hard workers
giving Iranians, but not Italians, special privileges
believing that Tiger Woods is a good golfer
giving Iranians, but not Italians, special privileges
The heuristic function of stereotypes is related to which goal?
To conserve mental resources
To enhance the self
To help find romantic partners
To preserve material resources and power
to conserve mental resources
Peter claims that he is unprejudiced, but demonstrates implicit prejudiced feelings. Peter is…
an aversive racist
Social Identity Theory assumes that people have a need…
to feel good about themselves
Which of the following is true?
We cannot like ingroups unless we dislike outgroups
We need to dislike outgroups unless we like ingroups
We do not need to dislike outgroups in order to like ingroups
Whenever we like an ingroup, we must dislike anyone not in that group
we do not need to dislike outgroups in order to like ingroups
What theory holds that people will join groups that facilitate the satisfaction of both the need to belong and the desire to be unique?
the optimal distinctiveness theory
One way that Ingroup Threat Theory builds on Realistic Group Conflict Theory is that it explicitly includes _____ as well as _____.
symbolic resources; material resources
The IAT uses _____ to assess _____.
response latencies; attitudes
When people give insufficient weight to situational influences on undesirable behaviors when explaining the behavior to outgroups, they are demonstrating the…
ultimate attribution error
_____ is embedded in the norms, policies, and practices of an institution, producing unequal outcomes for members of different groups.
institutional discrimination
The key element in the Common Ingroup Identity Model is that individuals must engage in…
recategorization
Compare and contrast beliefs and attitudes
What is bystander apathy? How do pluralistic ignorance and diffusion of responsibility explain the bystander effect?
What is the catharsis hypothesis? What do empirical tests of this hypothesis reveal?
What are the three primary goals of intergroup bias, according to the chapter?
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