Biology Chapters 6-10 Fisher

Contrast

Difference in brightness between light and dark areas of an image

Resolution

Measure of Clarity of the microscope image

Organelle

Membrane enclosed sacs within a cell

Magnification

The ratio of an objects image size to its real size (microscopes)

Plasma Membrane

Selective barrier at the edge of every cell 

Cytosol

Semifluid jelly like substance found within cells 

Cell Fractionization

Taking cells apart and seperating the major organelles and subcellular structures

What are the four subtypes of Eukaryotes

Animals, plants, fungi, protists 

What are the two subtypes of Prokaryotes

Bacteria and Archae 

What cell type has a nucleoid?

Prokaryote

What type of cell has a nucleus

Eukaryote

What is the cytosol + the organelles

Cytoplasm

Which organelle contains most genes in a eukaryote

Nucleus

What organelle surrounds the nucleus

Nuclear Envelope

What organelle supports the nucleus?

Nuclear Lamina

What fillament is a nucler lamina made of?

Intermediate Fillament

What organelle synthesises rRNA

Nucleolus

What is rRNA used to create?

Parts of a Ribosome

What synthesizes protein in the cell

Ribosomes

Why is a ribosome not an organelle?

It is not membrane bound

What is the defining characteristic of organelles?

They are bound by membranes

What is the role of mRNA

Instructions for protein synthesis in the ribosomes

Which ribosomes are found in cytoplasm

Free ribosomes

Which ribosomes are bound to the ER

Bound Ribosomes

What organelles are a part of the endomembrane system

Rough ER
Smooth ER
Golgi Apparatus
Vesicles
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Plasma Membrane

Which organelle synthesies lipids, detoxifies drugs and poisons, metabolizes carbohydrates and stores Ca²+ ions.

Smooth ER

Which organelle synthesizes membranes and secretory proteins

Rough ER

Which organelle is referred to as “Shipping, Receiving, and Organization” center of the cell

Golgi Apparatus

Which organelle hydrolyzes macromolecules and breaks down old organelles?

Lysosomes

Which are the three types of vacuoles

Food vacuole

Contractile Vacuoles

Central Vacuole

Which organelle found in animals produces ATP

Mitochondria

Which organelle found in plants produces ATP and Sugar

Chloroplasts

Describe Endosymbiont Theory

The mitochondria are believed to be cells within cells

What organelle is responsible for breakdown of Hydrogen Peroxide

Peroxisome

What are the three parts of the cytoskeleton

Microtubules
Microfilaments
Intermediate Filaments

Where do microtubules come from?

Centrosome

What is located inside a centrosome that allows the microtubules to be organized?

Centrioles

Which motor structure is long and limited?

Flagella

Which motor structure is short and numerous

Cillia

Which part of the cytoskeleton bears compression?

Microtubules

Which part of the cytoskeleton bears tension

Microfillaments

Which organelle is only found in plants and acts as the structure unit of the cell

Cell Wall

What is the role of extracellular carbohydrates

Cell identification

What does “Fluid Mossiac” mean

Something that moves and is made of many parts

Why are membranes fluid?

To allow for permeability and structure

What does “selective permeability” mean

The membrane lets some things through but not everything.

What happens in Diffusion

Particles go from high to low concentration

Is diffusion active or passive transport

Passive Transport

What happens to an animal cell when placed into a hypotonic solution

water rushes in and ruptures the cell

What happens to an animal cell when placed in an isotonic solution

The cell remains normal

What happens to a cell when placed in a hypertonic solution

Water rushes out, the cell collapses

What is facilitated diffusion

Where channel proteins allow particles to flow down a pathway into the cell.

What does active transport do

Moves particles against the cell gradient

What does active transport use for energy

ATP

Explain cotransport

Two molecules are moving, one is following its concentration gradient, and the other sneaks up its gradient.

Define Bulk Transport

When many particles are brought in and out of the cell

What is exocytosis

When particles are brought outside of the cell

What is endocytosis

Many particles coming into the cell

What is phagocytosis

When a large particle is brought into the cell

What is pinocytosis

Where many small particles are gulped into the cell

What is receptor-mediated pinocytosis

Receptors pick up certain particles and collects them to be brought into the cell

Which metabolic pathway breaks things down

catabolism

Which metabolic pathway builds things up

anabolism

What is the first law of thermodynamics

Energy can be transformed or transferred but not created or destroyed

What is the second law of thermodynamics

Every transformation or transfer of energy increases the entropy of the universe.

What is entropy

Disorder

Which type of reaction increases free energy

Spontaneous

Which type of reaction decreases free energy

Non-spontaneuous

What type of coupling binds exergonic and endergonic together

Energetic Coupling

What does an enzyme do?

Lower the energy of activation and therefore speed up the reaction

What is the active site of an enzyme?

The part that actually does work

What helps an enzyme to do work

Cofactors (Organic = coenzyme)

What is a competitive inhibitor

Something that blocks the enzyme and prevents it from doing work by taking up space in the active site

What is a noncompetitive inhibitor

Something that binds to the enzyme (not the active site) to slow the enzyme down

What are the products of photosynthesis

Sugar, Oxygen

What are the products of cellular respiration

Carbon Dioxide, ATP

Define fermentation

anaerobic glycolysis

Is glycolysis excer or endergonic

exergonic

What is the first step of cellular respiration

Glycolysis

What are the products of glycolysis

2 ATP, 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH

How many ATP are invested in glycolysis

2 ATP

How many ATP are returned in glycolysis?

4 ATP

What is the second step of cellular respiration

Pyruvate oxidation

What are the products of pyruvate oxidation?

2Acetyl CoA, 2NADH, 2CO2

What are the reactants of pyruvate oxidation

2 pyruvate, 2 NAD+, CoA

Where does glycolysis take place?

In the cytosol

Where does pyruvate oxidation, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation take place

mitochondira

How many steps are in the krebs cycle

8 steps

What does it mean that the krebs cycle is a closed loop

The products form the reactants and the cycle continues

What are the reactants of the krebs cycle

2 Acetyl CoA, 2 oxaloacetate, 6 NAD+, 2FAD, 2 ADP, 4O2

What are the products of the krebs cycle

2 oxaloacetate, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, 4 CO2

What is the thrid step of cellular respiration

The Krebs/citric acid cycle

What is the fourth and final step of cellular respiration

Oxidative phosphorlayation

What is the role of NAD+ and FAD

pick up e- from the earlier steps and bring them to the final step

What is the role of NADH and FADH2

Release the e- to return to the beginning

How much ATP is made by the etc

0 ATP

As the e- flow down the chain, where is the energy going?

The energy is used to pump H+ Ions up their gradient

Where do the H+ ions go

The intermembrane space

What happens as the H+ flows back down its gradient

It passes through ATP synthase generating ATP

How many ATP are made by oxidative phosphorylation

26-28 ATP