Studied by 33 people
Contrast
Difference in brightness between light and dark areas of an image
Resolution
Measure of Clarity of the microscope image
Organelle
Membrane enclosed sacs within a cell
Magnification
The ratio of an objects image size to its real size (microscopes)
Plasma Membrane
Selective barrier at the edge of every cell
Cytosol
Semifluid jelly like substance found within cells
Cell Fractionization
Taking cells apart and seperating the major organelles and subcellular structures
What are the four subtypes of Eukaryotes
Animals, plants, fungi, protists
What are the two subtypes of Prokaryotes
Bacteria and Archae
What cell type has a nucleoid?
Prokaryote
What type of cell has a nucleus
Eukaryote
What is the cytosol + the organelles
Cytoplasm
Which organelle contains most genes in a eukaryote
Nucleus
What organelle surrounds the nucleus
Nuclear Envelope
What organelle supports the nucleus?
Nuclear Lamina
What fillament is a nucler lamina made of?
Intermediate Fillament
What organelle synthesises rRNA
Nucleolus
What is rRNA used to create?
Parts of a Ribosome
What synthesizes protein in the cell
Ribosomes
Why is a ribosome not an organelle?
It is not membrane bound
What is the defining characteristic of organelles?
They are bound by membranes
What is the role of mRNA
Instructions for protein synthesis in the ribosomes
Which ribosomes are found in cytoplasm
Free ribosomes
Which ribosomes are bound to the ER
Bound Ribosomes
What organelles are a part of the endomembrane system
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Golgi Apparatus
Vesicles
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Plasma Membrane
Which organelle synthesies lipids, detoxifies drugs and poisons, metabolizes carbohydrates and stores Ca²+ ions.
Smooth ER
Which organelle synthesizes membranes and secretory proteins
Rough ER
Which organelle is referred to as “Shipping, Receiving, and Organization” center of the cell
Golgi Apparatus
Which organelle hydrolyzes macromolecules and breaks down old organelles?
Lysosomes
Which are the three types of vacuoles
Food vacuole
Contractile Vacuoles
Central Vacuole
Which organelle found in animals produces ATP
Mitochondria
Which organelle found in plants produces ATP and Sugar
Chloroplasts
Describe Endosymbiont Theory
The mitochondria are believed to be cells within cells
What organelle is responsible for breakdown of Hydrogen Peroxide
Peroxisome
What are the three parts of the cytoskeleton
Microtubules
Microfilaments
Intermediate Filaments
Where do microtubules come from?
Centrosome
What is located inside a centrosome that allows the microtubules to be organized?
Centrioles
Which motor structure is long and limited?
Flagella
Which motor structure is short and numerous
Cillia
Which part of the cytoskeleton bears compression?
Microtubules
Which part of the cytoskeleton bears tension
Microfillaments
Which organelle is only found in plants and acts as the structure unit of the cell
Cell Wall
What is the role of extracellular carbohydrates
Cell identification
What does “Fluid Mossiac” mean
Something that moves and is made of many parts
Why are membranes fluid?
To allow for permeability and structure
What does “selective permeability” mean
The membrane lets some things through but not everything.
What happens in Diffusion
Particles go from high to low concentration
Is diffusion active or passive transport
Passive Transport
What happens to an animal cell when placed into a hypotonic solution
water rushes in and ruptures the cell
What happens to an animal cell when placed in an isotonic solution
The cell remains normal
What happens to a cell when placed in a hypertonic solution
Water rushes out, the cell collapses
What is facilitated diffusion
Where channel proteins allow particles to flow down a pathway into the cell.
What does active transport do
Moves particles against the cell gradient
What does active transport use for energy
ATP
Explain cotransport
Two molecules are moving, one is following its concentration gradient, and the other sneaks up its gradient.
Define Bulk Transport
When many particles are brought in and out of the cell
What is exocytosis
When particles are brought outside of the cell
What is endocytosis
Many particles coming into the cell
What is phagocytosis
When a large particle is brought into the cell
What is pinocytosis
Where many small particles are gulped into the cell
What is receptor-mediated pinocytosis
Receptors pick up certain particles and collects them to be brought into the cell
Which metabolic pathway breaks things down
catabolism
Which metabolic pathway builds things up
anabolism
What is the first law of thermodynamics
Energy can be transformed or transferred but not created or destroyed
What is the second law of thermodynamics
Every transformation or transfer of energy increases the entropy of the universe.
What is entropy
Disorder
Which type of reaction increases free energy
Spontaneous
Which type of reaction decreases free energy
Non-spontaneuous
What type of coupling binds exergonic and endergonic together
Energetic Coupling
What does an enzyme do?
Lower the energy of activation and therefore speed up the reaction
What is the active site of an enzyme?
The part that actually does work
What helps an enzyme to do work
Cofactors (Organic = coenzyme)
What is a competitive inhibitor
Something that blocks the enzyme and prevents it from doing work by taking up space in the active site
What is a noncompetitive inhibitor
Something that binds to the enzyme (not the active site) to slow the enzyme down
What are the products of photosynthesis
Sugar, Oxygen
What are the products of cellular respiration
Carbon Dioxide, ATP
Define fermentation
anaerobic glycolysis
Is glycolysis excer or endergonic
exergonic
What is the first step of cellular respiration
Glycolysis
What are the products of glycolysis
2 ATP, 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH
How many ATP are invested in glycolysis
2 ATP
How many ATP are returned in glycolysis?
4 ATP
What is the second step of cellular respiration
Pyruvate oxidation
What are the products of pyruvate oxidation?
2Acetyl CoA, 2NADH, 2CO2
What are the reactants of pyruvate oxidation
2 pyruvate, 2 NAD+, CoA
Where does glycolysis take place?
In the cytosol
Where does pyruvate oxidation, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation take place
mitochondira
How many steps are in the krebs cycle
8 steps
What does it mean that the krebs cycle is a closed loop
The products form the reactants and the cycle continues
What are the reactants of the krebs cycle
2 Acetyl CoA, 2 oxaloacetate, 6 NAD+, 2FAD, 2 ADP, 4O2
What are the products of the krebs cycle
2 oxaloacetate, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, 4 CO2
What is the thrid step of cellular respiration
The Krebs/citric acid cycle
What is the fourth and final step of cellular respiration
Oxidative phosphorlayation
What is the role of NAD+ and FAD
pick up e- from the earlier steps and bring them to the final step
What is the role of NADH and FADH2
Release the e- to return to the beginning
How much ATP is made by the etc
0 ATP
As the e- flow down the chain, where is the energy going?
The energy is used to pump H+ Ions up their gradient
Where do the H+ ions go
The intermembrane space
What happens as the H+ flows back down its gradient
It passes through ATP synthase generating ATP
How many ATP are made by oxidative phosphorylation
26-28 ATP
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