Christian Heritage Terms Exam 2

Anselm of Canterbury

An 11th-century theologian who developed the Satisfaction Theory of the Atonement, arguing that Christ’s death satisfied God’s justice for human sin.

Thomas Aquinas

A 13th-century theologian who used reason and Aristotelian philosophy to explain Christian doctrine; major figure in Scholasticism.

Julian of Norwich

A medieval mystic known for visions emphasizing God’s love and mercy, especially in Revelations of Divine Love.

Martin Luther

Initiator of the Protestant Reformation; taught salvation by faith alone (sola fide) and challenged Catholic authority.

Ignatius of Loyola

Founder of the Society of Jesus; led Catholic reform and emphasized discipline, education, and missionary work.

Matteo Ricci

Missionary to China who adapted Christianity to Chinese culture, central to the Chinese Rites Controversy.

Charles Wesley

Leader in the Methodist movement; wrote thousands of hymns emphasizing personal faith and salvation.

Hildegard of Bingen

Medieval visionary, writer, and composer; emphasized divine visions and the harmony of creation.

Catherine of Siena

Influential mystic who advised popes and promoted church reform and unity.

Anabaptists

Radical Reformation group that rejected infant baptism and supported believer’s baptism, emphasizing voluntary faith.

John Calvin

Protestant reformer who taught predestination and emphasized God’s sovereignty; key figure in Reformed theology.

Henry VIII

Established the Church of England after breaking from Rome during the English Reformation.

Theory of the Atonement

Explanations of how Christ’s death reconciles humanity with God.

Theosis (Atonement theory)

Emphasizes becoming united with God or “divinized” through Christ (common in Eastern Christianity).

Ransom Theory

Christ’s death is a ransom paid to free humanity from sin and the power of evil.

Satisfaction Theory

Christ satisfies God’s justice by paying the debt owed by human sin (developed by Anselm).

Moral Influence Theory

Christ’s life and death demonstrate God’s love, inspiring humans to repent and live morally.

Scholasticism

Medieval method of learning that used logic and reason to explain theology (associated with Aquinas).

Great Schism

Division between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches in 1054.

Gothic architecture

Medieval church style with pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and stained glass (e.g., cathedrals).

Baroque architecture

Dramatic, ornate style used especially in Catholic Counter-Reformation churches to inspire awe.

Humanism

Renaissance movement focusing on human potential, classical learning, and returning to original texts.

Believer’s baptism

Baptism based on a personal confession of faith, not performed on infants.

Council of Trent

16th-century council that reformed the Catholic Church and clarified doctrine in response to Protestantism.

Elizabethan Compromise

Settlement under Elizabeth I that blended Protestant and Catholic practices in the Church of England.

Rites Controversy

Debate over whether Chinese converts could continue traditional practices; involved missionaries like Matteo Ricci.

Deism

Belief in a creator God who does not intervene in the world; emphasizes reason over revelation.

Pietism

Protestant movement stressing personal devotion, emotional faith, and holy living.

Great Awakening

Series of religious revivals in America emphasizing personal conversion and emotional preaching.

Evangelicalism

Protestant movement focused on conversion, the authority of Scripture, evangelism, and personal faith.

Location of Anselm, Why God Became a Human

Canterbury, England

Time written for Anselm, Why God Became a Human

Late 11th Century: 1094–1098

Location of Summa Theologiae by Thomas Aquinas

Begun in Rome, with later sections written in Paris and Naples, Italy

Time written for Summa Theologiae by Thomas Aquinas

1265–1274 (13th century)

Time written for Julian of Norwich, Showings

14th century - 1370s

Location of Julian of Norwich, Showings

Norwich, England

Time written for “Preface” to the Commentary on Romans by Martin Luther

1515–1516 (early 16th century)

Location of “Preface” to the Commentary on Romans by Martin Luther

Wittenberg, Germany

Time written for Spiritual Exercises by Ignatius of Loyola

Around 1522 - Early 16th century

Location for Spiritual Exercises by Ignatius of Loyola

Manresa, Spain

Time written for Matteo Ricci, The True Meaning of the Lord of Heaven

1603 - early 17th century

Location for Matteo Ricci, The True Meaning of the Lord of Heaven

Bejing, China

Time written for Charles Wesley - Selected Hymms

1730s–1780s (18th century)

Location for Charles Wesley - Selected Hymms

London, England