exam 2 human movement

What is the main function of the lower extremity

Supports the body and absorbs forces from ground contact

How does foot position affect the body

It influences the knee, hip, and opposite limb

What is contralateral stabilization

Stabilization of the opposite side during movement (ex: kicking)

What are the main components of the lower extremity

Pelvis/hip complex, knee, ankle/foot

What are the functions of the pelvis and hip complex

Supports body weight and provides mobility for the lower extremity

What bones make up the pelvic girdle

Ilium, ischium, pubis

How many muscles attach to the pelvis

28

What is the function of the sacroiliac joint

Absorbs shear forces and provides stability

What movements occur at the pelvis

Anterior/posterior tilt, lateral tilt, rotation

What type of joint is the hip

Ball and socket joint

What bones form the hip joint

Acetabulum and femoral head

What is the acetabular labrum

A structure that deepens the hip socket for stability

How many degrees of freedom does the hip have

3

What are the main hip muscle groups

Flexors, extensors, abductors, adductors, rotators

What is the strongest hip extensor

Gluteus maximus

What is the strongest hip flexor

Iliopsoas

Why is balanced hip conditioning important

To prevent extensors from overpowering other muscles

What type of exercises are ideal for the hip

Closed kinetic chain exercises

Are hip injuries common

No, they are relatively rare

What are common hip injuries

Strains, tendinitis, bursitis, IT band syndrome, snapping hip

What is the main function of the knee

Supports weight and transmits forces

Why is the knee prone to injury

High mechanical demands despite stability

What are the three knee joints

Tibiofemoral, patellofemoral, superior tibiofibular

What type of joint is the tibiofemoral joint

Modified hinge joint

What movements occur at the knee

Flexion, extension, slight rotation

What is the role of the menisci

Shock absorption, stability, force distribution

What are the four main knee ligaments

MCL, LCL, ACL, PCL

What happens to the knee during flexion

Internal rotation occurs

What happens during knee extension

External rotation occurs

What is the function of the patella

Increases leverage of quadriceps

What is the Q-angle

The angle between the quadriceps and patellar tendon

What muscles extend the knee

Quadriceps

What muscles flex the knee

Hamstrings

Why is muscle balance important at the knee

Imbalance increases injury risk

What ratio indicates knee injury risk

Less than 0.5 hamstring to quadriceps strength ratio

What causes most knee injuries

Poor conditioning or alignment issues

What is the most commonly injured ligament

ACL

What causes an ACL injury

Cutting, hyperextension, or direct contact

What causes MCL injury

Valgus force (hit to outside of knee)

What causes meniscus injury

Twisting and compression

What is the structure of the foot

26 bones, 30 joints, 100+ ligaments, 30 muscles

What are the functions of the foot

Support, shock absorption, propulsion, adaptation

What are the main ankle joints

Talocrural, subtalar, midtarsal

What type of joint is the talocrural joint

Hinge joint

What movements occur at the talocrural joint

Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion

What is the function of the subtalar joint

Inversion and eversion

What is pronation

Eversion, abduction, dorsiflexion

What is supination

Inversion, adduction, plantarflexion

What is the function of the midtarsal joint

Controls foot flexibility and rigidity

What happens during pronation at the foot

Foot becomes flexible for shock absorption

What happens during supination

Foot becomes rigid for propulsion

What are the arches of the foot

Transverse, lateral longitudinal, medial longitudinal

What is the role of the medial longitudinal arch

Shock absorption

What muscles plantarflex the foot

Gastrocnemius and soleus

What muscles dorsiflex the foot

Tibialis anterior and toe extensors

What muscles evert the foot

Peroneals

What muscles invert the foot

Tibialis anterior and posterior

Which ankle muscles are strongest

Plantarflexors

What percentage strength are dorsiflexors compared to plantarflexors

About 25%

What is the most common ankle injury

Ankle sprain

Which ligaments are most commonly injured in ankle sprains

Lateral ligaments

What are other ankle injuries

Achilles tendonitis, plantar fasciitis, shin splints

How does running differ from walking

Greater ROM and less time in each phase

Which muscles are active at the top of the cycling pedal stroke

Quadriceps

Which muscles produce power in cycling mid-phase

Hamstrings

What forces act on the hip during running

Up to 10 times body weight

What forces act on the knee during stair climbing

About 5 times body weight

What forces act on the ankle during running

8–13 times body weight

What is the main role of the lower extremity overall

Absorb forces and support body weight

What is functional anatomy

Study of body components needed to perform movement

Why do upper extremity joints work together

Isolated movements rarely occur

What joints are included in the upper extremity

Shoulder complex, elbow, wrist, hand

How many articulations are in the shoulder complex

4

Why is it difficult to move only one shoulder joint

All joints work together

What is the function of the scapulothoracic joint

Increases range of motion and provides muscle attachment

What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint

Gliding joint

What movements occur at the sternoclavicular joint

Elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, rotation

What type of joint is the acromioclavicular joint

Gliding joint

What is the function of the AC joint

Supports small movements and handles axial loads

What type of joint is the glenohumeral joint

Ball and socket

Why is the glenohumeral joint very mobile

Minimal bone contact (25–30%)

What is scapulohumeral rhythm

Coordinated movement between scapula and humerus

What muscles act on the shoulder

Deltoid, rotator cuff, trapezius, rhomboids, latissimus dorsi

What shoulder movements are strongest

Adduction and extension

What shoulder movements are weakest

Rotation

What causes many shoulder injuries

Repetitive motion or trauma

What are common shoulder injuries

Dislocations, labral tears, rotator cuff injuries, tendinitis

What is the role of the rotator cuff

Dynamic stabilization of the shoulder

What are the joints of the elbow complex

Ulnohumeral, radiohumeral, radioulnar

What type of joint is the ulnohumeral joint

Hinge joint

What movements occur at the elbow

Flexion and extension

What movements occur at the radioulnar joint

Pronation and supination

What type of joint is the radioulnar joint

Pivot joint

What ligaments support the elbow

UCL, RCL, annular ligament

Are elbow flexors or extensors stronger

Flexors

What muscles flex the elbow

Biceps, brachialis, brachioradialis

What muscles extend the elbow

Triceps

Why are two-joint muscles important

They require coordination to prevent unwanted actions

What position produces the strongest elbow flexion

Semi-prone position

What causes elbow injuries

Trauma or repetitive overuse