APES Ch. 12 Study Guide

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Describe the specific importance of three micronutrients

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45 Terms

1

Describe the specific importance of three micronutrients

iron, iodine, and vitamin A

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2

Describe each of the four layers of soil

O, A, B, and C horizons

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3

Food security

ability, access, and use of food

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4

820 million/10%

the portion of people globally that are undernourished

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5

3/10

the number of people globally that are food insecure

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6

Overfertalized areas

Mississippi River Basin/China

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7

macronutrients

protein, carbohydrates, fats

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8

micronutrients

vitamins and minerals

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9

iron

lack of this mineral is called anemia, often affects mothers giving birth and losing blood

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10

iodine

lack of this mineral leads to goiters, but the mineral can be added to salt

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11

vitamin A

lack of this vitamin leads to blindness and maternal mortality

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12

industrialized agriculture

uses heavy equipment, money, fossil fuels, inorganic fertilizers → high yield of monocultural crop

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13

monocultural crop

one type, high yield

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14

plantation agriculture

growing cash crops using industrialized methods for export

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15

traditional subsistence agriculture

uses solar energy and human + animal labor → enough food for the family that cultivates the land

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16

traditional intensive agriculture

farmers increase the inputs of human and animal labor to sell surplus

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17

slash-and-burn agriculture

setting fires and clearing small plots of land (especially in tropical forests) that use the land for polyculture crops

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18

agribusiness

a small number of giant multinational corporations control all aspects of the production and sale of food

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19

agroforestry

crops and trees are grown together → uses less water via trickle-down and less runoff

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20

green revolution

development of higher yield staple crops that can produce more food in less space using more organic fertilizer

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21

artificial selection

choosing and cross-breeding organisms for desirable inheritable traits

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22

genetic engineering

picking genes from unlike organisms and modifying a crop to give it desirable traits

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23

CAFO

intensive, confined animal raising operation with higher yield in smaller areas → leads to more point source pollution and spread of disease

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24

rangelands

raising less livestock on more land → smaller yield, more dispersed pollution/land degradation

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25

Green Revolution

monoculture GMO crops increased global food production but led to more fertilizer and water use

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26

Conservation tilling

little disturbance to the soil during planting → less erosion and vulnerability

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27

Soil Erosion Act

helped farmers conserve soil after Dust Bowl

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28

Food Security Act

farmers paid to take highly erodable soil out of production

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29

Terracing

helps retain water and soil on steep hills; inexpensive

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30

Strip Cropping/contour farming

Alternating strips of crops are planted on hillsides and in windy environments

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31

Cover Crops

Legumes planted to cover the soil in winter months to prevent erosion

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32

O horizon

leaf litter with decomposers that contribute nutrients to the soil

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33

A horizon

topsoil with miniature food web

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34

B horizon

subsoil, mostly inorganic

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35

C horizon

parent material that rests just above bedrock

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36

humus

partially decomposed organic matter broken down by microorganisms

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37

desertification

topsoil loses productive potential due to drought or erosion due to human activities

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38

biopesticide

chemicals naturally produced to deter or harm predators such as bugs

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39

subsidies

government funds given to incentivize agriculture

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40

FIRFA

a government act that evaluates the harmful effects of pesticides (semi-effective)

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41

Salinization

salts left behind by repeated irrigation

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42

Waterlogging

can be used to combat salinization but can accumulate and flood the roots of plants

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43

intercropping

two or more crops grown on the same plot

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44

windbreaks

rows of trees/shrubs that prevent soil from blowing away on a farm

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45

arable land

land capable of being farmed or being currently used for agriculture

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