B7 - Non-communicable diseases

What are risk factors for diseases?

• Genetics

• Lifestyle - Smoking, not exercising, overeating

• Substances around or in the body - Ionising radiation, UV light from the Sun, second-hand smoking

What is the link between disease and lifestyle?

Diseases often show correlations with lifestyles

What is casual mechanism?

One factor influenced another through biological processes

What do non-communicable diseases impact?

• Families

• Finance - people cannot work

• Local communities - they need to pay taxes or support families

How is a tumor formed?

Cells growing in an abnormal, uncontrolled way

What is a tumor?

Mass of abnormally growing cells

What is a benign tumour

Growth of abnormal cells contained in one place

Why are Benign tumours bad?

They go quickly large, which could Put pressure or damage to an organ and become life-threatening

what is a malign tumour?

Spreads around the body and distributes healthy cells

How does malignant tumour grow?

The initial tumour splits up releasing small clumps of cells into the bloodstream or lymphatic system the circulates and is carried two different parts of the body where they may grow in another organ

What are the causes of cancer?

• Genetic risk factors

• mutations – changes in genetic material

• Ionising radiation – interrupt normal cell cycle

• Virus infections

How can cancer be treated?

• Radiotherapy – cancer cells destroyed by targeted dose of radiation to stop the mitosis of healthy cells but may also damage healthy cells

• Chemotherapy – chemicals used to stop cancer dividing and make them self-destruct

What does obesity lead to?

Serious health problems

How does the amount of exercise affect the body?

It affects respiration and lungs and the amount of food needed

Why is exercise good?

Exercise increases metabolic rate as you have more muscle tissue when you are less likely to be overweight

Exercise low blood cholesterol levels reducing the risk of fat building up in coronary arteries

How does exercise affect the amount of food needed?

People who exercise have bigger muscles meaning the tissue need more energy to transfer from Food

What are type two diabetes?

The body doesn’t make enough insulin to control blood sugar levels or cell stop responding to insulin

What happens after alcohol is drunk?

It is absorbed in the blood from the guts and passed into the body tissues

What does alcohol do to the body?

Affect the nervous system making reactions slower

What can alcohol make you feel?

Small amounts make people feel relaxed while longer amounts leads to lack of self-control and judgement

What can alcohol lead to?

Cirrhosis of liver - A disease that destroys liver tissue and replaces them with scar tissue that cannot function

Alcohol is a Carcinogen - More likely to develop liver cancer

Long-term drinking causes damage to the brain

What happens when a pregnant person drinks?

The alcohol goes into the placenta of the developing baby the developing liver cannot cope with alcohol. The baby will have deformities Or Fatal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

Why is ionising radiation bad?

It is a carcinogen

It penetrate cell and damaged the chromosomes causing mutations in the DNA

What are sources of radiation?

Radioactive materials in the soil water and Air

Ultraviolet rays from the Sun

Medical and dental x-rays

Accidents in nuclear power stations

What does nicotine?

An addictive drug that Gives a calm sensation. this is the reason why people like smoking

What is carbon monoxide?

Poisonous gas and tobacco smoke that take up some of the oxygen carrying capacity leading to a shortage of oxygen

What happens if a pregnant woman smokes?

The fetus may not be able to get enough oxygen as the mother’s blood carries carbon monoxide

What does smoking do to the lungs?

it causes cilia in the trachea and bronchi to be anaesthetised by some chemicals in the tobacco smoke causing them to not work

pathogens in the lungs increase the risk of infections and coughing

What is tar?

Smoky black chemical that builds up in the lungs turning them grey

What is bronchitis?

Inflammation and infection of bronchi

What does tar do to the lungs?

Built-up of tar in smoke tissue leads to a breakdown and structure of alveoli causing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD which reduces SA:V ratio in lungs

Tar is a carcinogen as it acts on lung cells and increases the risk of cancer

What is a carcinogen?

Can cause cancer

How do cigarettes affect the heart And circulatory system?

• It causes cardiovascular problems

• Smoking narrows blood vessels in the skin

• Nicotine makes heart rate increase

• other chemicals damage arteries

• Increases clot formation

• Increases risk of coronary heart disease

How can Datta be represented differently so a more valid compares and can be made?

Using percentages

How are the drugs that destroy enzymes destroy bacteria?

The drug would block the active site of an enzyme to stop it from releasing energy. This would mean that the bacteria would not get the energy it needs to reproduce.