BIOL 100: Topic 14 - Circulation and Gas Exchange

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57 Terms

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Circulatory System

A system that transports fluids, nutrients, gases, and wastes through an animal’s body

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Open Circulatory System

A system in which the circulatory fluid is not completely enclosed in vessels

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Closed Circulatory System

A system in which the blood is confined to vessels and kept separate from interstitial fluid

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Hemolymph

The circulatory fluid in open systems; mixes with interstitial fluid

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Blood

The circulatory fluid in closed systems; kept separate from interstitial fluid

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Heart

A muscular pump that powers circulation by rhythmic contraction

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Vessel

A tube-like structure that carries circulatory fluid through the body

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Arteries

Vessels that carry blood away from the heart

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Veins

Vessels that carry blood back to the heart

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Capillaries

Thin-walled vessels where exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes occurs

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Gas Exchange

The process of swapping O₂ and CO₂ across respiratory surfaces

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Respiratory Surface

A thin, moist, large surface where diffusion of gases occurs

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Essential Conditions for Respiratory Surfaces

Must be thin, moist, and have a large surface area

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Single Circulation

Blood flows through the heart once per circuit (seen in fish)

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Double Circulation

Blood flows through the heart twice per circuit (seen in mammals and amphibians)

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Pulmonary Circuit

The path of blood from the heart to the lungs and back

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Systemic Circuit

The path of blood from the heart to the body and back

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Two-Chambered Heart

A heart with one atrium and one ventricle (seen in fish)

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Three-Chambered Heart

A heart with two atria and one ventricle (seen in amphibians)

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Four-Chambered Heart

A heart with two atria and two ventricles (seen in birds and mammals)

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Right Atrium

Receives deoxygenated blood from the body

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Right Ventricle

Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

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Left Atrium

Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs

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Left Ventricle

Pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body

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Pulmonary Artery

Carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs

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Pulmonary Vein

Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

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Aorta

Largest artery; carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body

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Vena Cava

Largest vein; returns deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium

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Atrium

Heart chamber that receives blood

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Ventricle

Heart chamber that pumps blood out

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Gills

Gas exchange organs in aquatic animals; extract O₂ from water

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Countercurrent Exchange

A system where blood and water flow in opposite directions to maximize O₂ diffusion

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Tracheal System

A network of air tubes in insects for direct gas exchange

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Lungs

Internal gas exchange organs found in mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians

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Alveoli

Tiny air sacs in mammalian lungs where gas exchange occurs

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Negative Pressure Breathing

A breathing system where air is pulled into the lungs by expanding the thoracic cavity

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Diaphragm

A sheet of muscle that contracts to enlarge the chest cavity during inhalation

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Intercostal Muscles

Muscles between ribs that assist with chest expansion during breathing

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Inhalation

Diaphragm contracts and moves downward; air is drawn into the lungs

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Exhalation

Diaphragm relaxes and moves upward; air is pushed out of the lungs

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Partial Pressure

The pressure exerted by an individual gas in a mixture of gases

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Diffusion of Gases

Gases move from areas of higher partial pressure to lower partial pressure

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Oxygen Transport

Carried by hemoglobin in red blood cells

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Carbon Dioxide Transport

Carried dissolved in plasma, bound to hemoglobin, or as bicarbonate ions

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Hemoglobin

A respiratory pigment in red blood cells that binds and carries oxygen

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Affinity of Hemoglobin

Changes with pH and CO₂ levels; lower pH reduces O₂ binding (Bohr effect)

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Bohr Shift

A drop in pH lowers hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen, aiding O₂ delivery to tissues

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Breathing Control Centers

Located in the medulla oblongata; respond to blood pH and CO₂ levels

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CO₂ and pH

An increase in CO₂ lowers blood pH, triggering increased breathing rate

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Fick’s Law of Diffusion

Rate of gas diffusion depends on surface area, concentration gradient, and membrane thickness

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Circulation in Amphibians

Three-chambered heart allows some mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

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Circulation in Birds and Mammals

Four-chambered heart completely separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

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Circulation in Fish

Two-chambered heart supports single circulation through gills and body

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Breathing in Amphibians

Can use lungs, skin, and lining of the mouth for gas exchange

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Breathing in Birds

Use unidirectional airflow with air sacs to maintain high O₂ levels during both inhalation and exhalation

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Unidirectional Airflow

In birds, air flows through the lungs in one direction, not tidal; highly efficient gas exchange

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Air Sacs in Birds

Store air and ensure continuous flow through the lungs