Foundational Documents Flashcard Front: Federalist No. 10 Back: Argues for a large republic to control factions; pluralism prevents any one group from dominating. Flashcard Front: Brutus No. 1 Back: Anti-Federalist paper arguing against a strong central government; fears loss of liberty and state power. Flashcard Front: Federalist No. 51 Back: Separation of powers and checks and balances are necessary to prevent tyranny. ⸻ Key Supreme Court Cases Flashcard Front: Marbury v. Madison (1803) Back: Established judicial review—SCOTUS can strike down laws as unconstitutional. Flashcard Front: McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) Back: Affirmed federal supremacy and implied powers (Necessary & Proper Clause). Flashcard Front: United States v. Lopez (1995) Back: Limited Congress’s power under the Commerce Clause; federalism victory. Flashcard Front: Baker v. Carr (1961) Back: Opened the door to “one person, one vote” redistricting under the Equal Protection Clause. Flashcard Front: Citizens United v. FEC (2010) Back: Political spending by corporations and unions is protected speech under the First Amendment. ⸻ Key Concepts Flashcard Front: Separation of Powers Back: Division of government responsibilities into distinct branches to limit any one branch from exercising core functions of another. Flashcard Front: Checks and Balances Back: System allowing each branch to amend or veto acts of another branch to prevent overreach. Flashcard Front: Federalism Back: The division of power between federal and state governments. Flashcard Front: Participatory, Pluralist, and Elite Democracy Back: Models of democracy explaining different roles of citizens and groups in policymaking.

Federalist No. 10

Argues for a large republic to control factions; pluralism prevents any one group from dominating.

Brutus No. 1

Anti-Federalist paper arguing against a strong central government; fears loss of liberty and state power.

Federalist No. 51

Separation of powers and checks and balances are necessary to prevent tyranny.

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Established judicial review—SCOTUS can strike down laws as unconstitutional.