Human Understanding - Why Health, Why Now? & Mental & Psychological Health

Intellectual, Emotional, Environmental, Physical, Spiritual, Social

What are the dimensions of health?

What term is used to describe the expected number of years of full health remaining at a given age, such as at birth?

Healthy life expectancy

Everyday tasks, such as walking up the stairs or tying your shoes, are known as

activities of daily living

Janice describes herself as confident and trusting, and she displays both high self- esteem and high self-efficacy. The dimension of health relates to is the

emotional dimension

Healthy People 2020 is a(n)

blueprint for improving the quality and years of life for all Americans.

The social-cognitive model of behavior change suggests that

the environment in which we live — from childhood to the present — influences change.

According to the transtheoretical model of behavior change, which of the following occurs during the preparation stage?

The person identifies steps they might take to improve their health.

Suppose you want to lose 20 pounds. To reach your goal, you take small steps. You start by joining a support group and counting calories. After 2 weeks, you begin an exercise program and gradually build up to your desired fitness level. What behavior change strategy are you using?

Shaping

After Kirk and Tammy pay their bills, they reward themselves by watching TV together. The type of positive reinforcement that motivates them to pay their bills is a(n)

activity reinforcer

The aspects of a situation that cue or stimulate a person to act in certain ways are called

antecedents

The leading causes of death today for people age 15–44 is?

unintentional injury

The number one reported impediment to academic performance is

stress

Which dimension of health includes being open minded and nonjudgmental?

intellectual health

Which of the following is not one of the four modifiable determinants that are responsible for most of the illness, suffering, and death related to chronic diseases?

lack of sleep

Which of the following is not considered to be essential components of mindfulness?

Daily thoughts of the future

Which behavior change model is based on the idea that what you believe may influence your behavior?

Health belief model

Believing in yourself that you can accomplish your goals is known as

self-efficacy

Nicole set a goal of losing 15 pounds. She successfully accomplished her goal and then rewarded herself with a new dress. Which behavior change technique did Nicole use?

Reinforcement

What strategy for change is recommended for an individual in the preparation stage of change?

Set realistic goals

Juan has decided to eliminate junk food from his diet. He has bought lots of fruits and nuts to eat instead. This is known as

countering

In dysfunctional families, which of the following is most likely to be present and leads to children becoming psychologically damaged?

anger

Zola wants to go to medical school. She has been studying for weeks for the MCAT and knows she is prepared. She has confidence that she can do well on the test. This is known as

self-efficacy

What is the state of persistent sadness, despair, and hopelessness called?

Major depressive disorder

Taya is sitting in a crowded lecture hall when her heart starts to race, she is having a hard time catching her breath, and she feels like she is going to die if she doesn’t get out. She is suffering from

panic attack

Ian sometimes hears voices telling him that the police are coming to get him. The voices tell him the police are going to hurt him. Ian could be suffering from

schizophrenia

Megan feels left out at school and home. She doesn't feel like she fits in or that she is good enough. To cope with the pain, she has begun cutting herself with a razor blade. This action is known as

self-injury

Which type of therapist provides individual or group therapy and specializes in family or marital relationships?

counselor

What type of treatment focuses on the impact of thoughts and ideas on feelings and behaviors?

Cognitive therapy

What types of drugs are used to treat bipolar disorder?

mood stabilizers

Which mental health professional is either a PhD or MD, and focuses on patterns of thinking and behavior, and early traumas that block personal growth?

Psychoanalyst

The four components of psychological health are:

spiritual, emotional, mental, and social health.

All of the following traits have been identified as characterizing psychologically healthy people except

understanding

A person with high self-esteem

possesses feelings of self-respect and self- worth.

The initial “A” in the PERMA acronym represents which concept?

Accomplishment

Which of the following is not part of a good strategy for building self-esteem?

concentrate on mental health more than physical health

Which statement below is false?

Dysthymia is an example of an anxiety disorder.

Sarah has a compulsion to wash her hands over and over again and she’s extremely fearful of dirt. She most likely has

obsessive-compulsive disorder

This disorder is characterized by a need to perform rituals over and over again; fear of dirt or contamination; or an unnatural concern with order, symmetry, and exactness.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

How many Americans will experience posttraumatic stress disorder in their lifetime?

8 percent

This type of disorder is characterized by an exaggerated sense of self-importance and self-absorption

Narcissistic personality disorder

What percentage of the United States population has schizophrenia?

1 percent

For 15 to 24-year-olds in the United States, suicide is the _______ leading cause of death

second

A person with a PhD in counseling psychology and training in various types of therapy is a

psychologist.

What’s the number 1 cause of death for ALL age groups?

Heart (cardiovascular) Disease

What’s the number 1 cause of death for the 15-24 age group

Accidents

life expectancy

remaining of years for a person born today (this person’s average life expectancy according to all data is 83-84)

Medical Model

Health status is based on indiv & tissues or organs
Focuses on indiv’s physical health -> improve health by medications or surgery
Focuses on treating it when it occurs

Public Health Model

Health as result of indiv interactions w social & physical envir (ecological)
Interpersonal view on health, Doesn’t allow disease to occur in the first place

ex. Smallpox outbreak and the achievements of Public Health (specifically vaccinations) If a person gets infection from a cow with the smallpox disease, they’re only getting it on their fingers -> no guidelines for human subjects -> Exposure to smallpox in a small amount (scratches in 1900s) - their body would be able to resist. They began to make better forms of vaccinations

physical health

body size & functioning

social health

having broad social network & successful interactions w/ others

intellectual health

ability think clearly & make responsible decisions

emotional health

ability express emotions & maintain level of self-confidence

spiritual health

having sense of meaning & purpose in ones life

environmental health

appreciation of one’s external envir.

wellness

achievement of highest level of health possible in several dimensions

What influences your health?

biology & behaviors

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)

holds specific code for every part of body (like a collection of recipe books)

A gene is made of a long strand of DNA; about _____ genes in DNA

30,000

Biology - individual’s genetics, ethnicity, age, and gender
Biological determinants X changed → _____ __________

nonmodifiable

Behaviors - individual’s response to internal & external conditions
Are _____ _________ bc can be changed

modifiable determinants

SMART System

strategy for change & improve health behaviors

S in SMART stands for

Specific - set specific goals (e.g. attend sports club)

M in SMART stands for

Measurable - e.g. reduce soda intake, eating less carbohydrates

A in SMART stands for

Action-oriented - e.g. volunteer at the shelter

R in SMART stands for

Realistic - e.g. increase the walk from 15-20 minutes/day

T in SMART stands for

Time-oriented - set a time limit (stay 10 months in program)

What are the 4 dimensions of psychological health umbrella?

mental (thinking), emotional (feeling), spiritual (being) and social (relating)

What is mental health?

“Thinking” or “rational” dimension of health
Someone mentally healthy perceives life realistically & can adapt to change, problem solve, and carry out tasks responsibly
i.e. How you think, how you analyze, and how you perceive things

self-esteem

one’s sense of self respect & self worth

resiliency

ability to adapt to change & stressful events in healthy & flexible ways

Learned helplessness

pattern of giving up in response to situations, bc of repeated failure in the past
Ex. spelling test, Seligman’s theory with inescapable shocks to dogs

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

You must first meet the basic needs & lower levels before being truly healthy. You cannot achieve the higher levels of social, self-esteem, and self-actualization without your basic needs met.
ex. DPOC lessons about your own needs being met with Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Soccer Trophy Effect (self-esteem)

People w/ extremely high levels of self-esteem more prone to anger -> more temperamental & aggressive when others don’t praise them or meet needs for instant gratification

Emotional intelligence

ability to anticipate, identify, understand & manage emotions in positive ways + (your own & other people) -> sums up how history & experiences helps you in dealing with other people, communicate, empathize with, and avoid/diffuse potential conflicts
i.e. ability to successfully maneuver emotionally charged settings

Emotional Health

the feeling or subjective side of psychological health

Social Health

incorporates interactions w others individually & in group settings, ability in using social resources & support in times of need, & ability to adapt to social situations

Spiritual health

sense of belonging to something greater than purely physical or personal dimensions of existence -> depending on the person this unifying force can be nature, connection to other people, or God of higher power

PERMA

5 elements of well being that enable humans to flourish

What is P in PERMA?

Positive emotion

What is E in PERMA?

engagement

What is R in PERMA?

relationships

What is M in PERMA?

meaning

What is A in PERMA?

accomplishment

mood disorders

chronic mood disorder- persistent sadness or feelings of euphoria (affecting how you feel)

What are the mood disorders we talk about?

Major Depression, Minor Depression, Dysthymic disorder, Bipolar disorder, Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

Causes of mood disorders?

Interactions between biological diff, hormones, inherited traits, life events & early childhood trauma
Biology of mood disorders related to individual levels of brain chemicals (neurotransmitters)

Major depressive disorder

Combination of symptoms interfering w/ work, study, sleep, appetite, relationships, enjoyment of life

Persistent depressive disorder

(formerly dysthymic disorder) less severe type of depression that’s milder, chronic, harder to recognize, often characterized by fatigue, pessimism, or short temper

Bipolar disorder

characterized by alternating mania & depression -> also called “manic depression”
Lithium, iron, zinc found in the body.. When there’s an imbalance of lithium in the body that can affect our hormones -> measure lithium level (in bipolar disorder lithium levels become low -> give lithium tablets, act normal again) + mood stabilizers

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

type of depression occurring in winter months where there’s less exposure to sunlight
Proven that having sunlight in the morning generally boosts one’s happiness Hormones in our brain affected by sunlight

anxiety disorders

Persistent feelings of threat & worry -> #1 health problem in the U.S. affecting more than 40 mil adults each year

Generalized anxiety disorders (GAD)

severe enough interfere w/ daily life -> consummate worrier & develops debilitating lvl of anxiety

Panic disorders are…

classified by the occurrence of panic attacks (acute anxiety bringing on intense physical reactions)

Phobic disorders (phobia)

persistent irrational fear of specific object, activity, situation

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

people feel compelled to perform rituals repeatedly -> fearful of dirt or contamination, obsessed w/ order, have persistent intrusive thoughts

Post-traumatic stress disorder

affects those who have experienced or witnessed natural disaster, accidents, violent assault, terrorist incident, other traumatic life events

What personality disorders do we talk about?

Paranoid personality disorder, Narcissistic personality disorder, Antisocial personality disorder, Borderline personality disorder (BPD)

Paranoid personality disorder

pervasive, unfounded suspicion & distrust of others, irrational jealousy & secretiveness

Narcissistic personality disorder

exaggerated sense of self importance & tendency absorbed w/ self rather than other people