Components and Types of Cold Water Distribution Systems

Service Pipe

Connects the building to the street water main or other water sources.

Water Meter

Measures the amount of water passing through the service pipe.

Horizontal Supply Main

The main distribution pipe running from the water meter to various branches and fixtures.

Riser

Vertical pipe extending from the supply main to deliver water to different floors or fixtures.

Fixture Branch

Pipe connecting the fixture supply pipe to the main distribution pipe.

Chillers

Cool water or refrigerant for the system.

Pumps

Circulate chilled water or cooling fluids through the system.

Cooling Towers

Remove heat from water or refrigerant.

Air Handling Units (AHUs)

Control and distribute cooled air.

Ductwork and Piping

Distribute chilled air or water throughout the building.

Controls & Valves

Regulate flow and pressure, and facilitate system maintenance.

Storage Tanks

Store water to ensure a steady supply, especially during peak demand.

Insulation

Reduces heat gain during transportation of chilled water or air.

Upfeed System

Water is supplied directly from the city main using normal pressure.

Air Pressure System

Uses compressed air to raise and push water into the system when city water pressure is insufficient.

Gravity System (Downfeed or Overheadfeed)

Water is pumped into an elevated tank and distributed by gravity to fixtures.