APUSH A/B IDs 9-10 [A/B Separated]

A and B sentences are separated.

Elizabeth Freeman

(A) A slave who successfully sued for her freedom from Massachusetts in 1781 because she noticed the state constitution contradicted slavery.

(B) Her trial for freedom was significant because it banned slavery in Massachusetts which eventually resulted in further bans throughout the states.

Society of the Cincinnati

(A) An organization founded in New York in 1783 that consisted of elite Revolutionary War veterans to commemorate their success during the war and keep in touch with each other.

(B) The organization was controversial because it promoted aristocratic ideals, which conflicted with ideas of republicanism and equality in the United States.

“republican motherhood”

(A) A late-18th century idea in the United States that women possess the role to educate their children about American civic virtues in order to keep a successful republic.

(B) The concept elevated the status of women and they gained more importance and influence in republican society for their civic duty.

Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom

(A) A law passed in Virginia in 1786 by Anti-Federalist Thomas Jefferson that asserted the separation of church and state as well as the toleration of religion.

(B) The law helped influence the creation of the First Amendment in the Bill of Rights, which contained the freedom of religion.

Empress of China

(A) An American privateer ship repurposed to be a merchant ship and captained by John Green that voyaged and exchanged goods with China during the 1780s.

(B) The ship symbolized America’s entry into global commerce as an independent nation and represented freedom from the Navigation Acts.

Annapolis Convention

(A) A meeting in Maryland in 1786 that brought delegates from 5 states to address the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation.

(B) It led directly to the Constitutional Convention, which completely replaced the Articles of Confederation with a new Constitution that reshaped the American government.

Great Compromise

(A) A 1787 agreement at the Constitutional Convention between the delegates with two houses: one based on state population, and another with equal representation among states, which allowed for easier ratification.

(B) The agreement ensured that both large and small states had a fair say in government, balancing power between the two groups.

Three-Fifths Compromise

(A) A 1787 compromise at the Constitutional Convention that stated that a slave would count as three-fifths of one person in taxation and representation, which appeased both northern and southern states.

(B) The agreement boosted the representation of Southern States in Congress and gave an incentive for the continuation of mass trade of slaves.

Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise

(A) A 1787 agreement between delegates at the Constitutional Convention allowing government to regulate imports and not exports and to regulate the slave trade after twenty years to appease commercial disagreements.

(B) The agreement gave the national government stronger control over commerce but led to increased imports in slaves due to the delay of abolition.

Electoral College

(A) A system created by the delegates to the Constitutional Convention in 1787 that facilitated elections through electors choosing the executive.

(B) The system not only made voting easier but also shaped campaign strategy with candidates focusing on swing states rather than raw population.

The Federalists (or Federalist Papers)

(A) Essays written by Jay, Madison, and Hamilton in New York in 1787 and 1788 that advanced the federalist cause, hoping to convince the New York legislature to ratify the Constitution.

(B) Due to the compelling arguments presented in these essays, the state of New York ratified the Constitution, leading to a Federalist victory.

Judiciary Act of 1789

(A) A law written by Congress in 1789 that established the Judicial branch and made the Supreme Court the highest court of the United States.

(B) This helped contribute to the separation of powers and checks and balances within the government by adding a branch that interpreted laws.

Ninth Amendment

(A) An addition to the Constitution proposed by James Madison in 1789 that protected rights that were not explicitly stated for the people of the United States.

(B) This eased Anti-Federalist concerns and gave more rights to the people as they had wished.

Tenth Amendment

(A) The final amendment to the Bill of Rights drafted by James Madison in 1791, which reserved rights non-enumerated in the Constitution for the states, with the ten amendments appeasing Antifederalists.

(B) The tenth amendment helped assure the people that the federal government would not become too powerful and also protected the rights of the states.

Bank of the United States

(A) The national bank in Philadelphia that Alexander Hamilton proposed and George Washington signed into law in 1791, enabling the federal government to deposit money and be a major stock holder.

(B) The nationalized bank was significant as it was a plan to gain the support of wealthy creditors and mitigate the debt incurred in the American Revolution.

Little Turtle

(A) A Native American chief of the Miamis who fought against the Americans in the Battle of Fallen Timbers in Ohio in 1794 to prevent American encroachment.

(B) His defeat led to the ceding of most of Ohio territory to the US, which contributed to westward expansion.

Convention of 1800

(A) A treaty between France and the US in 1800 during the Adams administration that ended the Quasi-War between the two countries.

(B) The Convention led to the end of the long-standing Franco-American alliance, while also holding true to Washington’s warning of permanent alliances.

Alien Act(s)

(A) Laws passed in the US in 1798 passed by a Federalist Congress during the Adams administration that allowed for the deportation of people from the US.

(B) These acts were significant as they broadened and strengthened the power of the federal government over personal liberties and states.

Sedition Act

(A) A law passed by John Adams in 1798 that forbade people in the United States from criticizing the federal government.

(B) The law restricted the freedom of Anti-Federalists’ speech, which illustrates the dangers of the formation of factions as warned by Washington.

Compact Theory

(A) An idea proposed by Anti-Federalists such as Jefferson and Madison in Virginia and Kentucky in 1798 that stated a state could nullify a national law that was deemed unconstitutional.

(B) This idea deepened divisions between Federalists and Anti-Federalists, as Jeffersonian Republicans opposed legislation expanding federal power.