Unit 5 AP HUG

Garth's CED Notes on Unit 5, condensed into flashcards

Agriculture

Agriculture

Modifying the environment to raise plants/animals for food or other uses.

Mediterranean Climate

A hot/dry summer climate, mild winder, and a defined rainy season that produces certain fruits. vegetables, and grains such as olives, figs, grapes, dates, tomatoes, zucchini, wheat, and barley. It prevails along the shores of a certain sea, some parts of California and Oregon, in central Chile, and parts of Australia.

Tropical Climate

A hot, humid climate that produces certain plants, such as cassava, banana, sugar cane, sweet potato, papaya, rice, and corn. Thirty six percent of the world has a tropical climate.

Extensive Agriculture

Agriculture that uses small amounts of labor on a large area of land

Intensive Agriculture

Agriculture that uses lots of labor on a small area of land

Market Gardening (Intensive)

______ _________ is the practice of growing lots of fruits and vegetables to be sold fresh to consumers or processors (for canning and freezing).This type of agriculture is found in the Southeastern United States, California, and Southeastern Australia.

Plantation Agriculture (Intensive)

________ ___________ is when a farmer specializes in ONE crop that is transported for scale on the global market. This is found in Central Africa, parts of Oceania, Southern Asia, and the Caribbean.

Mixed Crop/Livestock (Intensive)

___ /_____ is commercial farming characterized by the integration of crops and livestock. Most crops are fed to animals rather than consumed by humans. This type of farming is common in Southern Africa, a majority of Europe, Southern/Central Russia, East China, parts of Eastern and Southern South America, the West Coast of America, the center of America, and Eastern Mexico.

Shifting Cultivation (Extensive)

_________ ___________ is when farmers move from one field to another (slash and burn agriculture) when the soil loses fertility. This type of agriculture is found in much of Northern South America and Central and West Africa.

Nomadic Herding (Extensive)

_______ _______ is when nomads move herds to different pastures and trade meat, milk, and hides. These nomads rely on animals for survival, not for profit. This practice is common in Northern Africa, Southern Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, and Northern Asia.

Ranching (Extensive)

________ is the commercial grazing of livestock. Eventually, the livestock can be sent to feedlots and then be slaughtered. This practice is found in countries with mid-latitude climates, which is basically the entire world except for Oceania, northern South America, and Central and West Africa. This can be found in drylands and deserts like Australia, the Southwestern United States, Eastern South America, South Africa, and some parts of Asia.

Commercial Grain Farming (Extensive)

_________ _____ _______ is when crops are grown primarily for human consumption. Farms will sell their output to manufacturers of food products, such a breakfast cereals and bread. This practice is found in countries with mid-latitude climates, which is basically the entire world except for Oceania, northern South America, and Central and West Africa.

Clustered

A pattern of rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of each family are situated close to each others’ fields.

Dispersed

A pattern of rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of each family are situated relatively far from each others’ fields.

Linear Settlement

A pattern of rural land use that creates a long, narrow settlement around a river, coast, or road that looks like a line.

Surveying

Examining and measuring the surface of the Earth for planning, preparing to build, or mapping.

Metes and Bounds

A system of describing parcels of land where the metes are the lines, and bound describes features such as a river or public road.

Long Lot

A pattern of rural land use that divides land into long, narrow strips, lined up along a waterway or road.

Township and Range

A system of dividing large parcels of where the townships describe how far north or south a parcel is from the center point.

The Fertile Crescent

A crescent-shaped area in Southwest Asia where settled, sedentary farming began to emerge. This led to the rise of cities.

The Colombian Exchange

A widespread exchange of animals, plants, culture, human population, communicable disease, and ideas between the Americas and Africa, Europe, and Asia.

The First Agricultural Revolution

A time when people began to domesticate plants and animals, and the rise of sedentary farming.

Domestication

The process of taming plants or animals for human use

Agricultural Hearths

The separate locations in which groups of people began to domesticate plants and animals.

Common characteristics of hearths are fertile soil, accessible water sources, moderate climates, and collective societal structures.

The Second Agricultural Revolution

Coincides with the Industrial Revolution, increased yield and access through machines and transportation.

• Caused by the Industrial Revolution and the Enclosure Movement

  • Effects of the Second Agricultural Revolution: new technology, better diet, increased food production, longer life,and more people available for work in factories, and shifting demographics (moving to cities = less farmers)

Enclosure Movement

A movement that followed the British laws that enabled landowners to purchase and enclose land that was previously communal.

Effects of this event…

• Emergence of commercial agriculture

• Fewer and larger farms →decrease in farm owners →improvements in farming techniques→decrease in agricultural laborers.

• Urbanization

The Green Revolution

The spread of new technologies like high yield seeds and chemical fertilizers to the developing world (in the ‘60s-’70s)

Positive effects

• Being able to grow more crops on the same amount of land, decreasing food prices

• Improved variety

Negative Effects

• Destroying local land and traditional mode of agricultural production

• Decreasing biodiversity (hybrid seeds diminish local plant diversity)

  • Impact of chemicals like pesticides

Biotechnology

The application of scientific techniques to modify and improve plants, animals, and microorganisms to enhance their value

Subsistence Agriculture

Only enough food is cultivated to survive (no surplus)

Commercial Agriculture

The production of crops for sale and profit

Monoculture

Growing one crop in a farm system at a given time

Mono-cropping

Growing one crop in a farm system year after year.

Bid-rent theory

A geographic theory that states that the price and demand for real estate change as the distance from the central business district (CBD) increases.

Commodity Chain

Activities involved in the creatino of a product (design, production of raw materials, manufacturing, assembly, and distribution)

Agribusiness

A system of commercial agriculture that links various industries to the farm

Economies of Scale

Cost advantages that come with the mass production of an item.

Von Thunen’s Model

A model that helps to explain rural land use by emphasizing the importance of transportation costs associated with distance from the market. This model distributes various farming activities into concentric rings around a central market city.

Global Supply Chain

a worldwide network to maximise profits in production

Export Commodity

Goods sent from one country to another for sale (some countries have become highly dependent on one or more export commodities)

Pollution

The process by which soil is contaminated by chemcials

Land Cover Change

The process by which agricultural areas are lost to development

Conservation

The protection of wildlife and natural resources

Deforestation

Human-driven and natural loss of trees

Desertification

The process of a dry area becoming even drier and losing vegetation

Irrigation

Moving water to where you need it

Draining Wetlands

Drainage for agricultural purposes

Pastoral Nomadism

Herding animals and migrating with them to find pasture areas without a permanent pasture area.

Soil Salinization

The slow build up of salt in soil, particularly in irrigated areas, that makes soil infertile.

Terrace Farming

The method of growing crops on the sides of hills or mountains by planting on man-made steps (terraces)

Changing Diets

MDCs continue their demand for meat and LDCs see an increase in their demand for meat and convenient, processed foods.

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

Plants or animals whose DNA has been genetically modified, often through a combination of DNA from a similar plant or animal with desirable traits.

Aquaculture

Raising of fish and shellfish in ponds and controlled saltwater hatcheries

Value Added Foods

Foods that have increased in value due to alterations in production, size, shape, appearance, location, and/or seeds.

Organic Foods

Crops produced without the use of synthetic or industrially produced pesticides and fertilizers or genetically engineered seeds.

Fair Trade

Trade between MDCs and LDCs in which fair prices are paid to the producers.

Community-Supported Agriculture (CSA)

individuals who pledge support to a local farm operation so that growers and consumers provide mutual support.

Urban Farming

Integrating growing crops or raising animals into an urban ecosystem

Dietary Shifts in Contemporary Agriculture

The change in diets from processed foods, meats, and sugars to fruits and vegetables

Food Insecurity

The state of being without reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food.

Food Desert

A geographic area where large grocery stores are scarce or missing and residents have limited access to fresh, nutritious foods. Typically found in low-income neighborhoods.

Chapter 12: Women in Agriculture

These are things that you just need to know !!

• Women are frequently denied loans or financial support, cannot afford tuition or fees, or rural communities lack funding to provide them with schools.

• Women may be unable to obtain or access inputs to improve productivity (land animals, equipment, seeds, fertilizer, or infrastructure)

• Women practicing subsistence agriculture may not be able to generate a surplus, so they cannot sell their yield.

• Impacts of exposure to environmental hazards can cause health problems for women and children. That will have a resounding economic impact.

• In many societies, women hold agricultural knowledge and skills passed down to daughters.

• In many societies, woman represent a spiritual ideal of fertility that is tied to beliefs regarding agricultural productivity.

• Laws and government policies preventing women from acquiring land tenure, owning, or inheriting land.

• Women may lack access to political processes (voting) and institutions (Representative government).

• Females lack political power to improve law and policy affecting women’s issues.

• Empowering women has led to…

  • Increased Productivity

  • Reduced hunger, malnutrition, and starvation

  • Improved rural livelihoods