Cell Structure and Regulation of Phenotype

Describe the plasma membrane

It is surrounded by a lipid bi-layer and proteins regulate what enters and exits the cell

What is the pink box pointing to describe its function

Nucleus- carry 99% of genetic DNA

What organelle is the blue box on the right point to and what’s its function

Rough Endoplasmic reticulum- protein synthesis

What organelle is the red box on the right point to and what’s its function

Ribosome- synthesize protein via making amino acids into peptide chains

What organelle is the green box pointing to and what’s its function?

Golgi Apparatus

• further folds proteins from the neoplasm in recticulum and send it out

What is the purple box pointing to and what’s its function?

Nucleolus assembles ribosomes

What organelle is the blue box on the left point to and what’s its function

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum- lipid synthesis

What organelle is the red box on the left point to and what’s its function

Mitochondria- produces ATP and encodes 13 protein, 1% of genetic DNA

T/F organelles are static and don’t move

False they are dynamic and “dance”

What is the function of a lysosome?

Eats cells and recycles the material to form new cells

What drives cell movement

The cytoskeleton

What is the cytoskeleton?

A network of filaments and tubules in a cell

What are the 3 major components of a cytoskeleton?

Intermediate filament, microtubule, actin filament

What are the 6 chemical composition of a cell and what’s its are examples of each

Nucleotides- DNA, RNA, ATP

protein- enzymes, cytoskeleton

Lipids- tricylcerides, phospholipids, cholesterol

Water

Inorganish- calcium, magnesium sodium, etc.

What is a central dogma

It describes the flow of genetic information

Describe the central dogma of molecular biology

Start with the genome (DNA), which is transcipted into the transcriptome (RNA), then translated into a proteome (protein) then lastly becomes a metabolome( metabolite ex: amino acids, sugars, lipids) all of which gives us a phenotype

Describe chromatin

It packages DNA to fit in the nucleus and controls replication and gene expression

Describe what a chromosome is and what it is composed of

What are the 3 different gene sequence variations

Single-nucleotide polymorphism

Copy number variations

Quantitative trait loci

What is a single nucleotide polymorphism?

It is a gene sequence variant where only nucleotide in a gene is either silent or expressed associated with developmental disease

What is a copy number variations in gene sequence variants?

Additional or loss of longer segments of genomic DNA via chromosomal rearrangement Associated with developmental disease

Describe what a quantitative trait loci is in gene sequence variants

Genetic variation linked to a quantitative trait ex milk or meat production

give an example of a single nucleotide polymorphism and how it affects an animal

polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM) - a muscle disease in quarter horses, it is an overactivation of an enzyme via GYS1 gene this causes too much glycogen storage and thus not enough glucose to support muscle movement via ATP.

what is an epigenetic modification?

It is a modification of the DNA from environmental factors. it does NOT change the DNa seq. but instead is a modification to the DNA or histones before transcription and IS reversaible

What are the 4 types of phenotype regulation?

Transcriptional

Post-Transcriptional

Translational

Post-Translational

describe the the role of Transcription as it relates to phenotype control

Regulates which genes are transcribed or the rate at which transcription occurs

Describe the the role of Post-Transcription as it relates to phenotype control

Pre-mRNA undergoes RNA processing which then becomes mRNA. and the mRNA undergoes changes in nucleus before translation occurs. intron are removed and exons are spliced together.

Describe the the role of Translation as it relates to phenotype control

after the mRNA is in the cytoplasm translation determines how fast mRNA is translated into proteins. it also determines the length of time for mRNA activation and speed of degradation

Describe the the role of Post-Translation as it relates to phenotype control

it is the further processing to make the polypeptide function via cleavage and/or modification. their are also other control mechanism that determine how long it takes for a protein to become active and how long it stays active for.

Give an example of a non-coding RNA

microRNA (miRNA) it is about 22 nucleotides long and is important for repressing gene expression. This can be achieved through blocking translation, as well as destabilizing and clevaning mRNA.

what is the maternal role in expressing phenotypes when it comes to the callipyge sheep?

maternal expression of gene regulates the paternal expression via silencing.

what does the amino acid sequence determine?

1) the shape and 3D structure

2) function

3) how the protein will assemble with other proteins

why is protein degradation helpful?

it removes damaged proteins, controls how active other proteins are, and recycles amino acids to form other proteins or as energy.

what does epigenetics modify?

Histone proteins and DNA