AP World History Unit 7: Global Conflict

Mexican Revolution

(1910-1920 CE) Armed rebellion in which the Mexican people fought for political and social reform, especially against neocolonialism; resulted in ouster of Porfirio Diaz from power; opposition forces led by Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata.

Total War

A conflict in which the participating countries devote all their resources to the war effort; most notably WWI

Propaganda

information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view.

Great Depression

the economic crisis beginning with the US stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s; had far-reaching global economic effects including further hindering countries recovering from WWI

New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression; an example of a government taking greater economic control

Fascist Corporatist economy

An anti-capitalist economy where government controlled corporations and had political influence through them.

Five Year Plan

plans outlined by Joseph Stalin in 1928 for the development of the Soviet Union's economy; wanted to rebuild the Soviet economy after WWI; tried to improve heavy industry and improve farm output, but resulted in famine

League of Nations

A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946.

Mandate System

Allocation of former German colonies and Ottoman possessions to the victorious powers after World War I; to be administered under League of Nations supervision.

Indian National Congress

group formed by Hindu nationalist leaders of India in the late 1800's to gain greater democracy and eventual self-rule

Facism

A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and has no tolerance for opposition

Totalitarianism

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

Militarism

A policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war

Atomic Bomb

a nuclear weapon developed in the US in which enormous energy is released by nuclear fission; first used during WWII on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Fire bombing

Bombs dropped on Germany and Japan with intentions to spread fires and take down cities

Aremenian Genocide

Ottoman Muslim Turks target Christian minority group from 1915-1917

Holocaust

A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.

Genocide

the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation.

Rwandan Genocide

The killing of more than 500,000 ethnic Tutsis by rival Hutu militias in Rwanda in 1994. The conflict between the dominant Tutsis and the majority Hutus had gone on for centuries, but the suddenness and savagery of the massacres caught the United Nations off-guard. U.N. peacekeepers did not enter the country until after much of the damage had been done.

Bolsheviks

A party of revolutionary Marxists, led by Vladimir Lenin, who seized power in Russia in 1917.

Central Powers

In World War I the alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary and other nations allied with them in opposing the Allies.

Allied Powers

WWI alliance of Great Britain, France, Italy, Russia, and later the US (1917)

Reparations

As part of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was ordered to pay fines to the Allies to repay the costs of the war. Opposed by the U.S., it quickly lead to a severe depression in Germany.

Fourteen Points

A series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I; created the League of Nations

Weimar Republic

The new German republic the in 1921 owed 33 billion annually to the allied reparations commission. In order to recover from its severe economic issues the annual fees were reduced each year depending on the level of German economic prosperity and Germany received large loans each year from the United States.

Trench Warfare

A form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield; used prolifically during WWI

Stalemate

A situation in which no progress can be made or no advancement is possible; Western front of WWI

Balfour Declaration

British document that promised land in Palestine as homeland for Jews in exchange for Jews help in WWI

Mao Zedong

(1893-1976) Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976.

Bloody Sunday

1905; peaceful march by Russians turned deadly when Czar's guards fire on crowd, killing hundreds

Young Turks

Movement of Turkish military and civilian elites that developed ca. 1900, eventually bringing down the Ottoman Empire.

Triple Entente

An alliance between Great Britain, France and Russia in the years before WWI.

Triple Alliance

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

Central Powers

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire

Gavrilo Princip

The assassin of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria, a member of the Black Hand

Zimmerman Telegram

This was sent by Germans to encourage a Mexican attack against the United States. Intercepted by the US in 1917.

Paris Peace Conference

1919, meeting of the Allies at the end of WWI, concluded with Treaty of Versailles

Collectivize

to run or organize a farm according to principles of united control

John Maynard Keynes

British economist who argued that for a nation to recovery fully from a depression, the govt had to spend money to encourage investment and consumption

Gulag

in the Soviet Union, a system of forced labor camps in which millions of criminals and political prisoners were held under Stalin

Five Year Plan

Stalin's economic policy to rebuild the Soviet economy after WWI. tried to improve heavy industry and improve farm output, but resulted in famine

Neville Chamberlain

Great British prime minister who advocated peace and a policy of appeasement

Sudetenland

Land that Germany thought was rightfully theirs due to the large German speaking population

Lend-Lease Act

The laws passed by the U.S. allowing us to give aid to our Allies in early WWII

Nonagression Pact of 1939

Fascist Germany and Communist Russia publicly agreed to never to attack one another

Balkanization

Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities

Nuremberg Laws

Placed severe restrictions of Jews, prohibited from marrying non- Jews, attending schools or universities, holding government jobs, practicing law or medicine or publishing books.

Lost Generation

A group of American writers that rebelled against America's lack of cosmopolitan culture in the early 20th century. Many moved to Europe in search of literary freedom. Prominent writers included T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, and Ernest Hemingway among others.

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty particularly known for its harsh reparations towards the Germans after World War I.

Woodrow Wilson

President of the United States (1913-1921) and the leading figure at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. He was unable to persuade the U.S. Congress to ratify the Treaty of Versailles or join the League of Nations.