L1: OVERVIEW OF ULTRASOUND

Ultrasound

Term given to high frequency sound waves, over 20, 000 cycles per second (20 kHz)

2-20 kHz

range of ultrasound

2-20 mHz

range of medical ultrasound

Ultrasonography/Medical Diagnostic Sonography/Medical Ultrasound

is an imaging method that uses high frequency sound waves to produce images of structures within your body

Diagnostic medical sonography

is a general term used to encompass abdominal, breast, cardiac, gynecologic, obstetric, and vascular sonography.

Therapeutic Ultrasound

Energy is deposited in tissue to induce various biological effects.

GREEKS

Were the first to describe the relationship between pitch and frequency

pitch and frequency

GREEKS Were the first to describe the relationship between ___ and _

Sonometer

Pythagoras is a greek philosopher, invented the ___, instrument used to study musical sounds.

Leonardo da Vinci

discovered that sounds travel in waves and the angle of reflection is equal to the angel of incidence

1500 AD

In what year Leonardo da Vinci discovered that sounds travel in waves and the angle of reflection is equal to the angel of incidence.

1793

In what year Lazzaro Spallanzani physiologist, studies echolocation among bats and theorizes that bats were listening to something that human could not hear, which forms the basis of ultrasound physics.

Lazzaro Spallanzani

___ physiologist, studies echolocation among bats and theorizes that bats were listening to something that human could not hear, which forms the basis of ultrasound physics.

echolocation

Lazzaro Spallanzani physiologist, studies ___ among bats and theorizes that bats were listening to something that human could not hear, which forms the basis of ultrasound physics.

1794

In what year Agustin Fresnel forms the theory of wave diffraction.

Agustin Fresnel

___ forms the theory of wave diffraction.

theory of wave diffraction

Agustin Fresnel forms the ___.

Christian Johann Doppler

___ discovers the effects of motion on the pitch sound. When a source of wave motion itself moves, the apparent frequency of emitted wave changes

effects of motion on the pitch sound

Christian Johann Doppler discovers the ___. When a source of wave motion itself moves, the apparent frequency of emitted wave changes

1845

In what year Christian Johann Doppler discovers the effects of motion on the pitch sound. When a source of wave motion itself moves, the apparent frequency of emitted wave changes

1880

In what year Jacques and Pierre Curie overserved the phenomenon of piezoelectricity

Jacques and Pierre Curie

___ and ___ overserved the phenomenon of piezoelectricity

piezoelectricity

Jacques and Pierre Curie overserved the phenomenon of ____.

Potassium Sodium Tartrate Tetrahydrate

first materials to exhibit piezoelectricity

1890

In what year Lord Rayleigh writes his theory of sound

Lord Rayleigh

__ writes his theory of sound

1916

In what year Paul Langevin, a physicist who studied the sound frequency and intensity and discovers a way to use property of echoing to detect underwater objects.

Paul Langevin

___, a physicist who studied the sound frequency and intensity and discovers a way to use property of echoing to detect underwater objects.

SONAR (Sound Navigating and Ranging)

Paul Langevin, a physicist who studied the sound frequency and intensity and discovers a way to use property of echoing to detect underwater objects. This is known as___ that lead to the invention of hydrophone --- first transducer (according to the World congress Ultrasound in Medical Education).

Hydrophone

first transducer (according to the World congress Ultrasound in Medical Education).

1948

In what year Dr. Karl Dussik, a neurologist, first to use sonography for medical diagnoses. He attempted to detect brain tumor by scanning the head using transmitted ultrasound beam

Dr. Karl Dussik

___, a neurologist, first to use sonography for medical diagnoses. He attempted to detect brain tumor by scanning the head using transmitted ultrasound beam

Early 1950s

What year…

Early scanning technique required the patient to be immersed in a bath of water in order to provide good transmission of sound waves into the body

Late 1950s

What year…

Water Bath, first bi-stable contact scanner, that later uses olive oil as lubricant for bi-stable imaging.

Water Bath

first bi-stable contact scanner, that later uses olive oil as lubricant for bi-stable imaging.

oscilloscopes

Early ultrasound equipment visual displays used storage ___ which produces bi-stable images (black and white).

Early 1970s

In what year…

grayscale imaging was introduced.

Mid 1970s

In what year…

real time scanning were introduced

Late 1970s - early 1980s

In what year…

continuous wave Doppler, spectral wave doppler and color doppler ultrasound instruments were introduced

grayscale imaging

Early 1970s

___ was introduced.

real time scanning

Mid 1970s

___ were introduced

continuous wave Doppler, spectral wave doppler, color doppler

Late 1970s - early 1980s

___, ___ and ____ ultrasound instruments were introduced.

1986

What year…

Kazunori Baba developed 3D ultrasound technology and captured three dimensional images of a fetus

Kazunori Baba

___ developed 3D ultrasound technology and captured three dimensional images of a fetus

3D ultrasound technology

Kazunori Baba developed ___ and captured three dimensional images of a fetus

1990s

What year…

4D ultrasound and Ultrasound guided biopsies were introduced.

4D ultrasound and Ultrasound guided biopsies

In 1990s

___ and ___ were introduced.

2000s

What year…

Advancement in ultrasound technology is continuously changing.

2000s

What year…

Portable and more convenient ultrasound equipment for medical diagnosis and treatment become available for sonographers

Ultrasound

is a useful way of examining many of the body’s internal organs, including but not limited to Abdominal organs, breast, neck, chest, cardiac, gynecologic, obstetric, Musculo-skeletal and vascular sonography.

Medical Ultrasound

It is used to guide procedures such a needle biopsies, in which needles remove cells from an abnormal area for laboratory testing

Ultrasound

is safe, noninvasive and does not use ionizing radiation

bone, gas

Ultrasound limitation includes, it cannot produce images of every area in the body, particularly those covered by ___ or that contain ___.

THERMAL EFFECT

due to the law of the conservation of energy, all of the sound energy attenuated by tissues must be converted to other forms of energy.

1.5 degrees Celsius

As such, it is possible for ultrasound to raise tissue temperature by up to

MECHANICAL EFFECT

refers to damage caused by the actual oscillation of the sound wave on tissue.

Cavitation

The most common is referred to as ____ and is caused by the oscillation of small gas bubble that may grow in size or collapse generating very high energies to adjacent tissue. This is can increase tissue temperature by more than 1000 degrees Celsius

1000 degrees Celsius

The most common is referred to as Cavitation and is caused by the oscillation of small gas bubble that may grow in size or collapse generating very high energies to adjacent tissue. This is can increase tissue temperature by more than ___