Sociology- functionalism

what type of theory is functionalism?

functionalism is a consensus theory based on shared values, norms, and agreements

what does the “organic analogy” mean?

it compares society to a human body, where each part (e.g. family, education, law, economy) works together to keep society stable and healthy

is functionalism a micro or macro theory?

its a micro theory that looks at society as a whole, not individuals.

what is meant by a “structural” or “top-down” approach?

society shapes individual behaviour through institution, norms, and law- not the other way around

who is considered the founder of functionalism

Emile Durkheim- created “social facts” which means Forces outside individual 9like law or religion) that shape people’s behaviour

what is “values consensus” according to Durkheim?

agreement on shared norms and values that keeps society together

what is “social integration” 

the idea that people must feel connected to society through shared norms and values

what did Durkheim say about institutions like religion, education, and law?

they maintain social order and reinforce shared values

what are parsons’ four functional prerequisites

• adaptation: economy meets material needs

• Goal attainment: political sets goals

• integration: law/religion keeps order

• latency: family/culture pass on values

what is Merton’s main criticism parson?

not all institutions are positive- some can have dysfunctions e.g. education can cause stress which could leads to rebel or fail

what are manifest and latent functions?

• Manifest: intended, obvious function (e.g. education teaches knowledge).

• Latent: hidden, unintended function (e.g. education teaches obedience)

How does the family function in society?

socialises children into norms and values, and stabilises adult personalities (parson)

What does education system do according to functionalists?

prepares individuals for work and teaches shared norms and values (Durkheim & parson) 

what is the role of religion in functionalists?

reinforces collective conscience and social solidarity (Durkheim)

what do Marxists criticise about functionalism?

it ignores inequality and class conflict.

what do feminists criticise about functionalism?

it ignore patriarchy and gender inequality 

what do action theorists criticise about functionalism?

it’s too deterministic- treats people like puppets of society 

what do postmodernists say about functionalism?

society today is too diverse and fragmented to have one shared value consensus

How does education system show functionalism?

• shared curriculum (British values, citizenship) promotes value consensus .

• Exams prepare Young people for jobs (support the economy)

• Builds social solidarity through shared learning

How to deal the legal system show functionalism?

• UK laws (e.g. equality laws) show agreement on fairness

• Courts punish rule-breakers, reinforcing hared norms and stability 

How does the NHS reflect functionalist ideas?

• Provides healthcare for all —> promotes social solidarity and collective responsibility.

• Parsons’ “sick role” —> healthcare keeps society functioning