Human Growth - Midterm S2025

Normative Age Graded Influences

biological/social - "everyone"

Normative Age Graded Experiences

biological/social experiences everyone expects to experiences

ex. 1st day of school

Normative History Graded experiences

big generational experiences

ex. COVID, WWII

Non-Normative Life Experiences

unexpected events that occur

ex. near death experience, losing child

Traditional Approach

plateau after certain age, focus on young ages, explosive development declines in old age

Life span approach

you don’t plateau as adult, dev is ongoing

Biological Development

physical changes

Cognitive Development

thought processes

Socioemotional Development

identifying, regulating, and changing emotions

Periods of Development

prenatal, infancy, early childhood, middle and late childhood, adolescence, early adult hood, middle adulthood, late adulthood

Psychoanalytic Theory

subconscious, emotion, repressed memory drive

Frued - Psychoanalytic

oral: 0-18months

anal: 18-36 months

Phallic: 3-6 years

Latency, 6- puberty

Genital: puberty on

Erickson - Psychoanalytic

psychosocial, development is primarily subconscious, developmental question for each stage, tasks answered are prosocial (successive/positive)

Cognitive Theory

development through concious thought, how one learns is how one develops, perception of world around us

Piaget - Cognitive

kids grow and change through the world, cognitive construction, thought processes available to them, reactionary and reflexive, growing towards abstract thought

Piaget Stages

Sensorimotor: birth-2

Pre-operational: 2-7

Concrete Operational: 7-11

Formal operational: 11-15

Piaget Thought Processes

organization: to make sense of world, one constantly organizes/categorizes experiences together

adaptation: adapting accordingly when one gets new information

Bandura - Cognitive

Social Cognitive Model and Reciprocal determinism

Social Cognitive Model - Bandura

develop based on how world changes around us, behavior is linked together through observation and imitation of behaviors receives rewards

Reciprocal Determinism - Bandura

behavior.human development based on environment and personal factors, environment based on personal factors

SocioEmotional Theory

how the environment around an individual interacts with the biological processes of development.

Brofenbrenner - Ecological Systems Theory (SE)

role of environment within development; nurture

Ecological Systems Theory Stages

all end in systems

Micro-: close interactions between self and others, immediate contacts and direct impacts

Meso-: connections between microsystems, relationships, influences from one group to another

Exo-: linkages between social setting without an active role and immediate contacts, one's contacts that have nothing to do with with others within different microsystems

Macro-: cultural within one's life, societal forces

Chrono-: time period in which one lives, impacts different lived experiences

Lorenz - Ethological (SE)

biological processes within development; nature

Lorenz Theory

biologically prepared for attachment in a relationship, proper environment necessary to ensure that a healthy attachment occurs, sensitive periods of time when development/learning abilities are able to occur (use it or lose it)

Electic Theory

take bits of each theory and put it all together

Research Methods

Cross Sectional: group of people at one point in time

Longitudinal: group of people or person over time

Sequential: combination of cross and long

Cohort Effects: major events that impact a period of time

Polygenetic Inheritance

multiple genes passed down through ancestors, who a person is

Genotype

genetic heritage/material, cannot be seen - (g)eno-(g)enetic

Phenotype

physical/visible genetics, what is seen by everyone - (p)heno-(p)hysical

Behavior Genetics

nature vs nurture, how much is inherited vs what is from the environment

Twin Studies

twins reared together vs reared apart, compares specific information between identical and fraternal

identical = same genetics

fraternal = different genetics

Adoption Studies

compares adopted children with parents vs biological parents, genetics and environment (stronger)

Finnish Study

personality style, neuroticism (emotions), identical twins and biological siblings have higher levels

Rose's Law

changed mental retardation to intellectual disability

Amniocentesis

invasive, with drawl of amniotic sac, discovers chromosomal and metabolic disorders

Ultra Sound

Non-invasive, 7 weeks, high frequency sound waves, usually first screening

Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)

invasive, surgical - biopsy of placenta used to detect spina bifida, risk of limb deformations, and fragile X

Maternal Blood Tests

less invasive, blood draw used with ultrasound to see if further diagnostic sampling is needed

Infertility

effects 10-15% of people in US, rise over past few years

Arthur Jensen Studies

identical twins average: .82

- reared together: .89

- reared apart: .78

siblings: .50

problems: based IQ off race, didn't account for SES

Passive Genotype environment

interaction that occurs by being born into a house, based on parents genes and environment one is raised in

Passive Genotype example

musical, athletic, artistic families

Evocative Genotype Envrionments

genotype of child elicits response by environment around them, response reinforces (or doesn't) child's behavior

Evocative Genotype Example

coach sees child who is fast and asks them to join track/cross country

Active Genotype Environment

tending to seek out environments that are compatible with genotypes

Active Genotype example

child is a fast runner and signs up for soccer

Scarr and McCartney

break down of how genes and environment interact together; personality, intelligence, etc...

Environmental Experiences

shared: things that are common

nonshared: things that are NOT common

Epigenetic

development is a constant relationships between environment and biology - one may pull more at once, but they are always there

Germinal Period

first two weeks post conception, creates zygote and attachment to the uterine wall

Embryonic Period

three weeks-two months post conception, cell multiplication (differentiation to different body parts)

Fetal Period

three months through birth - maturation (cells)

Prenatal Development periods

germinal, embryonic, fetal

Teratogens

environmental factors/agents that influence fetal development

Teratogen Examples

prescription and nonprescription drugs, psychoactive drugs, infectious diseases, fire retardant, pesticides, mercury, lead, hyperthermia, emotional stress, maternal age, nutrition

Fetus/Newborn Transition

anoxia (lack of oxygen), breech birth (feet first), and vacuum (pulls out baby)

Preterm/premature

born prior to 38 weeks, increase in problem depending on when

Low Birth Weight (LBW)

less than 5.5 pounds, has increased over time (maternal age, substance use/abuse, medical knowledge/diagnostics)

Small for Date

full term - smaller than expected, less than 90th percentile (usually in 10th)

Long Term Effects of LBW

more health and developmental problems, the magnitude and severity increases as birthweight decreases

Apgar Scale

1-5 minutes after birth: heart rate, reflexes, body color, muscle tone, scored 1-10

Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)

24-36 hours after birth: blinking, sneezing, rooting (reaction/turn of head to the touch of cheek)

Postpartum Period

6 weeks after birth, physical adjustments (involution and menstruation), emotional and psychological adjustments (hormones, PPD, sleeping), and bonding

Involution

shrinking of uterus

Neuron

a nerve cell that handles information processing at the cellular level - cell body

Dendrification

electrical impulses to myelin (coats and insulates axon) to speed electrical impulse

Cerebral Cortex

divided in two halves - parietal (sensory information), frontal (executive function), temporal (cognitive and sensory functions), occipital (processing visual information)

Lateralization

dependent on how much information a person already has and how they process new information

Pruning

body creates more neural connections that are needed, then cuts away the ones not needed (use it or lose it)

Infant Sleep

16-17 per day, adult like sleep patterns by 4 months

REM Sleep

memory consolidation and long-term storage (moves from short to long)

Shared/Co-Sleeping

vary by culture, positives (attachment) vs. negatives (safety/close proximity)

Infant Death

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) - stops breathing suddenly, usually while sleeping; risks - LBW, low SES, low maternal care, smoking

Breast Feeding

additional benefits: less risk for Gi issues, respiratory disease, and lower amounts of allergies, lower risk of diabetes, SIBS, and obesity, and increased cognition

Bottle Feeding

not deprivation, les risk for mom to get breast/ovarian cancer

Malnutrition in Infancy

well intentioned - underfeeding (prenatal and infant information) and overfeeding

Toilet Training

muscular control for bowel movements, motivation/desire

Reflexes

automatic beyond our control; sucking, rooting, moro, grasping

Moro

starting infant - big open movement before curling back into self

Gross Motor

big muscle movements; lift up head, roll over, sit without support, walk without assistance (12-16 months)

Fine Motor

small muscle movements; holds rattle briefly, bangs in play, turns doorknob, shows hand preference (8-9 months)

Sensorimotor Development

coordinating sensory input with motor action, inputing sensory information from the environment to a motor output

Object Permanence

something that exists needs to be physically in view, touch, smelt, or has sound for it to be there, develops throughout infancy

Schemas

actions or mental representations of how we organize our knowledge

Assimilation

using existing schemas to deal with new information

Accomendation

adjustment of schema based on the understanding of new information

Organization

grouping isolated behaviors in a hierarchal system

Bayley Scale of Infant Development

global measure for cognitive, language, motor processing, and socio-emotional skills - not that accurate

Language

communication by some sort of symbols, nonverbal, signs, symbols

Phenology

sound system of language

morphology

units of meaning involvement in words, word formation, and word ending

syntax

creation of sentences from the combination of words

semantics

literal meaning of words in sentences

pragmatic language

appropriate use of language used in different contexts/environments

Biological Influences of Language

babbling, pointings, first words

brocas

expressive language (speaking)

wernicke's

receptive language (understanding)

Norm Chomsky

Language Acquisition Device- a mental device that allows young children to develop language if they are exposed to and adequate sampling of conversation

Emotion

a feeling, or affect, that can involve physiological arousal, conscious experience, and behavioral expression