Bony Fish

Phylum Craniata Split into

Subphylum: Hyprotreti

Subphylum: Vertebrata

Subphylum Vertebrata split into

Class: Hyperoartia

Infraphylum: Gnathostomata

Infraphylum Gnathostomata split into

Class: Chondrichthyes

Superclass: Osteichthyes

Superclass Osteichthyes split into

Class: Actinopterygii

Class: Sarcopterygii

Class: Actinopterygii split into

Subclass: Condrostei

Subclass: Neopterygii

Subclass Condrostei split into

Order: Acipenseriformes

Order: Polypteriformes

Subclass Neopterygii split into

Infraclass: Teleostei

Class: Sarcopterygii split into

Order: Dipnoi

Order: Coelacanthiformes

Most common bony fish today

teleosts

most successful vertebrate on the planet

Acanthodians

spiny forms

small, minnow size

marine and freshwater

prominent notochord

reduced dermal bone from scales and armor in head

characteristics of chondrichthyes and osteichthyes

gill flaps

gill flaps

brachiostegal rays

cover the gills

Osteichtyes

most living vertebrates today

ossified bony skeletons

swim bladders

a few regressed back to cartilaginous skeletons

examples: sturgeon, paddlefish, and lungfish

2 main classes: Sarcopterygii and Actinopterygii

Lepidotrichia

bony rays

strengthen and elaborate fins

suite of characters bony fish share

swim bladder

ossified endoskeleton

dermal bone in primitive groups, replaced with dermal scales in derived groups

3 types of scales

ganoid

cycloid

ctenoid

Ganoid scales

primitive

found in Gar

thin scale

line up next to each othe

Cycloid Scales

derived

round or circular

found in herring. minnow, and trout

overlap

ctenoid scales

derived

comb-like, toothed, or spiny edge

found in the perch family

overlap

Actinoptergii

lepidotrichia

muscles controling fins are in body walls

supraorders: Palaeonisciformes and Neopterygii

Palaeonisciformes

extinct forms were the earliest bony fishes

small in size

dominant notochord

fusiform shape

ganoid scales

heads similar to acanthodians

Surviving Primitive bony fish

Acipenseriformes

Polypteruformes

Acipenseriformes

paddlefish and sturgeon

large plates in the head region

Sturgeon are the largest freshwater fish

show reversing skeleton with cartilaginous skeletons

some sturgeon are marine, some freshwater

Sturgeon eat fish and invertebrates and are bottom dwellers

Sturgeon can live to be 100

Paddlefish are open water filter feeders

Polypteriformes

Bichirs

ganoid scales

paired swim bladders

found in African swamps

Neopterygii

derived bony fish

most successful vertebrate taxa today

aka Teleosts

high evolved jaw

scales are rounder, thinner, and lighter

ossified vertebrate and bone

swim baldders

homocercal tails

familiar taxa: herring, eel, salmon, trout, pike, smelt, perch, bass, seahorses, minnows, carp, catfish

Sarcopterygii

not diverse (7 species)

gave rise to tetrapods

fleshy fins help move in shallow water

bottom dwellers in deep water

prominent internal choanae

divided into: Dipnoans and Crossopterygians

Dipnoans

lungfish

have lungs

allows fish to gulp air to extract O2 in low environments

Obligatory Air Breathers

early ones were marine but today are all freshwater

Obligatory Air Breathers

have to gulp air or will drown

estivation

A period of reduced activity that some animals experience

swim bladder

allows fish to adjust the gas amount within the bladder

allows them to maintain depth called neutral buoyancy

2 types: Primitive teleost and Derived Teleosts

Primitive teleost

bladder is connected to gut

gas enters bladder via blood vessels

to off gas pneumatic duct opens to allow gas to enter gut and be burped up

in herring, eel, minnows, salmon, and goldfish

Derived Teleosts

lack of connection to the gut

have a gas gland to deliver air to gut via blood vessels

have a muscular sac called ovale

to off gas constrictor muscle opens bladder to ovale which is surrounded by blood vessels and gas moves to blood from ovale

Coelacanths

thought to have gone extinct

living forms caught in 1930s

highly endangered and little is known about them

very primitive

small vertebrae with prominent notocord

heterocercal tail

pectoral fins

muscles on fins to walk on bottom

labyrinthodonts

earliest fossils

show characteristics of tetrapods and fish

named because of the complicated folds in the teeth

labyrinthodonts characteristic

gills

lateral line systems

notochord with vertebrae

radial fins

girdles, skulls, and limbs like tetrapods

stapes

Early forms of Tetrapod groups

Eusthenopteron

Panderichthys

Ichthyostega

Ichthyostega

same body as salamanders

mostly aquatic

limbs supported body weight

gills and lungs had a lateral line system

Stegocephalians

early tetrapods

same bone structure and organization, fleshy fins

stronger pelvic and pectoral girdle

Chiridium

strong muscular limbs

Pentadactyl chiridium

modern tetrapods

have 5 digits at the end of limbs

Polydactyl chiridium

early tetrapods

limbs with 6 or 7 digits

Hearing in tetrapods

sound in air bounces off bodies

modified hyomandibula bone to the stapes

stapes connects outer ear to inner ear allowing sound conduction

Feeding in tetrapods

develop ability to grab food with tongue and jaws

hyoid bone supports tongue muscles

salamanders switch between suction feeding and tongue feeding

what groups gave rise to modern amphibians

temnospondyls

lepospondyls

modern amphibians

frogs, salamanders, caecilians

called Lissamphibians

over 4,000 living species

tropical and temperate regions

eggs lack extraembryonic membranes

Scales are lost except in caecilians

skin used as a respiratory organ

bony exoskeleton

mucus and poison glands

pedicellate teeth

auricular operculum

Sound conducting apparatus parts

operculum

stapes (ossicles) high frequency

Operculum

low frequency

muscle connection to scapula

helps transmit sound efficiently to operculum and then to inner ear

low vibrations go through front legs

Stapes

High frequency

found in frogs

more important for complex behavior in breeding

shut off apparatus to focus on calls during breeding season

green rods

amphibians have extra rods to expand vision

helps hunting at night

absent from caecilians

levator bulbi muscle

muscle found under eye

attaches to its surface

allows amphibians to raise eyes during swallowing

helps cover the eye with translucent lower eyelid in water

Cutaneous respiration/buccal pump

rely on mouth and throat to push air in and out of lungs

swallow air and release air by moving throat up and down

extending off the throat and sides of head in males

Unique characteristics or Lissamphibia

Sound conducting apparatus

green rods

Levator bulbi muscle

cutaneouns respiration/buccal pump

Urodela

salamander and newts

paired limbs

long tails

terrestrial salamanders protrude tongues t ofeed

aquatic forms suck water to capture prey

external reproduction and internal reprduction with spermatorphore

paedomorphism

spermatophore

form of internal fertilization

packages of sperm

Salientia

frogs and toads

larger and longer hindlegs

external fertilizaion

some carry tadpoles on back

larvae eat algae and detritus

rapid metamorphosis

protrude tongues to capture prey

tympanum or ear drum

toads have warty skin and parotid glands

parotid glands

behind eyes of toads

produce poison

Gymnophiona

Caecilians

no limbs

damp tropical habitats

burrows

skull is solid and compact

internal fertilization

aquatic larvae

produce live miniature adults

Bolitoglossine feeding

longest tongue of salamanders

extend tongue to more than half is body length

projects tongue and hyoid apparatus

Salamander feeding muscles

subarcualis rectus I muscle

rectus cervicus profundus

Subarcualis rectus I muscle

protractor muscle

coiled around epibranchial cartilage

contracts and squeezes epibranchials together

launches the hyobranchial apparatus tongue out of mouth

tip of tongue is sticky with mucous glands

rectus cervicus profundus

anchored to pelvis and reels tongue back in

has slack so it takes time to pull tongue in

both muscles contract at the same time

Reproduction in Amphibians

frogs have external fertilization

salamanders have internal fertilization

both call to attract females

practice parental care

most go trough tadpole stages

species are ovoviviparous, oviparous, viviparous