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US History B5 Saxton - if there is anything wrong or something you would like to add pls just contact me :)
Cahokia Mound Builders
one of the largest cities in north america, almost 500 years before Christopher Columbus, built mounds
Aztecs
mostly in central america, largest empire defeated by spanish, montezuma defeated by cortez
Inca
largest empire in south america defeated by the spanish, atala wapa
Animism
the belief that all living things have a soul, gods in nature
Columbian Exchange
the process by which plants, animals, diseases, people, and ideas have been introduced from Europe, Asia, and Africa to the Americas and vice versa.
The Horse
the Europeans brought over the horses and it was very revolutionary for the Americans
Diseases
the Europeans brought diseases to the Americas and it was the main cause of the deaths of many natives.
Christopher Columbus
Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506), sailed west to reach the east
Jamestown
first permanent English settlement in North America.
Plymouth
Created by the Puritans to establish a Utopian community where they could practice their religion freely.
Puritans
hate the catholics, think England is evil so they leave and go to Plymouth, city upon a hill
House of Burgesses
the first democratically-elected legislative body in the British American colonies.
Members would meet at least once a year with their royal governor to decide local laws and determine local taxation.
Mayflower Compact
direct democracy. an agreement that bound the signers to obey the government and legal system established in Plymouth Colony
The New England territory were made up of:
Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, and Rhode Island
The Middle territories were made up of:
New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware
The Southern Territories were made up of:
Georgia, Virginia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Maryland
Mercantilism
Belief in the benefits of profitable trading. Ex commercialism
Commercialism
Economic system used by England, involved the creation of colonies
Stamp Act
No taxation without representation, the Stamp Act was a tax imposed by the British to make money for the army.
Boston Tea Party
Throwing british tea into the boston harbor
dressed up as indians
the sons of Liberty
a result of Townshend Act
lead to England putting troops in the Colonies
leads to Boston Massacre.
Boston Massacre
9 british soldiers shot several of a crowd of three or four hundred civilians
Crispusattucks was the first shot
Intolerable Acts
These were laws that were passed down by the British in order to punish the Massachusetts colonists for the Boston tea party that had happened beforehand.
Declaration of independence
Document stating the 13 colonies independence from Great Britain and is the founding document of the US.
Constitutional Convention
Delegates from all the states (besides Rhode Island) met in Philadelphia in 1787 from May 25th to September 17th- called to revise the Articles of Confederation.
James Madison
Fourth president of the United States, Father of the Constitution
Bill of Rights
These were the first ten amendments to the constitution.
Washington's Cabinet
Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson
Secretary of Treasury: Alexander Hamilton
Protective Tariffs
Taxes, dues, or fees placed on foreign goods.
Hamilton vs. Jefferson
Common Man vs elite
Constitution strict vs Loose
Bill of Rights
France vs England
What did Hamilton believe in the topic of the Common Man vs Elite
Hamilton believed only the elite could efficiently govern while Jefferson believed that the common man could make smart decisions if provided with the information to do so.
What did Jefferson believe in the topic of the Common Man vs Elite
Thomas Jefferson believed in having a small but strong federal government and this held that every man should be self made and they should rely on their own independence.
What did Hamilton believe in the topic of the Constitution being strict vs Loose
Hamilton believed that the constitution should be loosely interpreted and the federal government had wide-ranging power
What did Jefferson believe in the topic of the Constitution being strict vs Loose
Jefferson believed the constitution should be strictly interpreted and any power not directly given to the federal government should be given to the states/people.
Bill of Rights (Hamilton vs. Jefferson)
Used to amend the constitution and contains the first 10 amendments.
Who supported Hamilton in France vs England
Hamilton/Federalists supported England
Who supported Jefferson in France vs England
Dem/Rep of Jefferson supported France
Marbury vs Madison
A Supreme Court decision in 1803 that increased the power of the Supreme Court and made the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional (judicial review).
Nationalism (examples from the War of 1812)
loyalty and devotion to a nation.
Star Spangled Banner - Francis Scott Key,
USS Constitution (boat)
Heroes like Andrew Jackson, Admiral Perry, and William Henry Harrison
Missouri Compromise
Henry Clay guided the Missouri Compromise through Congress.
Missouri - Slave State
Maine - Free State
(Balance in the Senate)
36-30 - above free/below slave (Louisiana Purchase)
Cotton gin
a machine invented in 1794 to separate seeds from cotton. This would lead to the spread of slavery.
Universal Manhood Suffrage
a voting right that gave privilege for all men to vote no matter their race, religion, income or property.
Rise of the Common Man
In the late 1820’s all WHITE men had the right to vote.
Industrial Revolution
the process of change from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing.
Transportation Revolution
Transportation became cheaper and more efficient with the rapid development of new technology. (connected the East to the West)
Mormons
a religious group that embrace concepts of Christianity as well as revelations made by their founder, Joseph Smith.
Presidency of Jackson
Andrew Jackson was the seventh President of the United States from 1829 to 1837, seeking to act as the direct representative of the common man - expanding the power of the executive.
Bank War
A political struggle that developed over the issue of rechartering the Second Bank of the United States during the presidency of Andrew Jackson. The affair resulted in the shutdown of the Bank and its replacement by state banks, Jackson won vs. Biddle
Tariff of Abominations
The tariff of 1828 raised taxes on imported manufactures so as to reduce foreign competition with American manufacturing. Southerners, arguing that the tariff enhanced the interests of the Northern manufacturing industry at their expense, referred to it as the Tariff of Abominations.
Doctrine of Nullification
This claims that individual states can invalidate federal laws or judicial decisions they deem unconstitutional. Led by South Carolina and John C. Calhoun
Trail of tears
This is considered an ethnic cleansing. The United States government forcibly removed the southeastern Native Americans from their homelands and relocated them on lands in Indian Territory (present day Oklahoma).
Spoils System
“To the victor goes the spoils”. The president appoints civil servants to government jobs specifically because they are loyal to him and to his political party.
Mexican American War
The United States of America wanted Texas’ land but Mexico refused to give up any land (Between the rivers of Rio Grande and the Nueces River)
Compromise of 1850
Admitted California as a free state (Unbalance the Senate)
Utah and New Mexico - popular sovereignty
Fugitive Slave Act
Popular Sovereignty
A government that makes decisions based on what people want, decisions on slavery: free or slave state
Manifest Destiny
The belief that American settlers were meant to settle on the land of North America
Dred Scott Case
Denied the legality of black citizenship in America
Missouri Compromise null and void
Southern Goals of the Civil War
To protect slavery, defend southern territory, and achieve independence
Northern Goals of the Civil War
The Anaconda Plan, end slavery, reunification
Emancipation of Proclamation
During the third year of the civil war, Abraham Lincoln declared “that all persons held as slaves are, and henceforward shall be free.” (He only freed slaves in the South not the Border States)
13th Amendment
Granted freedom.
14th Amendment
Granted citizenship
15th Amendment
Granted the right to vote to all men.
Sharecropping
A system where the landlord allows a tenant (Usually black) to use the land in exchange for a share of the crop. This was, however, “slavery pt. 2.”
Freedmen's Bureau
Provided food, shelter, clothing, medical services, and land to displaced Southerners, including newly freed African Americans. (Act signed by Lincoln)
Rutherford B. Hayes
The president that was elected during the Compromise of 1877, this election ended Reconstruction
Thaddeus Stevens
A radical republican that was an advocate for the Freedmen's Bureau, and was a part of the drafting of the 13th Amendment
Civil Rights Act, 1866
This act gave equal protection to African Americans
Reconstruction Act of 1867
The Southern states were admitted into the Union, and the South would now be controlled by military (led to corruption by the North in the South)
Homestead Act
provided 160 acres of federal land to anyone who agreed to farm the land.
Frederick Jackson Turner
Historian known for his frontier thesis
American democracy was formed by the frontier
Little BigHorn
In 1876, settlers overann the Lakota Sioux reservation to mine gold.
Because of this the Lakota moved and relocated near the Bighorn Mountains in Montana.
In response the government sent an expedition accompanied by Lieutenant Colonel.
George A. Custer (shot and killed) and the Seventh Cavalry. The Native American warriors defeated Custer and his army and this made its way into newspapers that eventually led the army to step up its campaign on the Plains.
Chief Joseph
a Nez Perce leader part of a tribe called the Wallowa band
Dawes Act
law authorized the President to break up reservation land, which was held in common by the members of a tribe, into small allotments to be parceled out to individuals.
Transcontinental Railroad
Was one of the many railroads built connecting the nation after the civil war. Joined the Union Pacific and Central Railroad. Finished on May 10, 1869 in just four years despite the challenges.
What was the history of the two most famous railroads?
** Central Pacific started in Sacramento California and went East - owned by Stanford
** Union Pacific started in Omaha, Nebraska and went West - owned by Rockefeller
*** They met at Promontory Point, Utah
Paid - money, land and the tracks
Leland Stanford
built the transcontinental railroad which connected the Eastern United States to the West.
John D. Rockefeller
Controlled 90% of all oil in the U.S
Robber Baron
Person who becomes rich through ruthless and unethical business practices
West Closed
In 1890 when there was no more land to “discover” or forcefully take
Note 
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