MED SURG CARDIC

What is CAD?

a condition characterized by the narrowing or blockage of coronary arteries, typically caused by atherosclerosis

What causes Coronary Artery Disease?

the buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries

What are common symptoms of Coronary Artery Disease?

chest pain (angina), shortness of breath, fatigue, and MI, radiating pain (L arm, neck, jaw, back)

How is Coronary Artery Disease diagnosed?

ECG, stress tests, echocardiograms, and coronary angiography are commonly used to assess heart function and blood flow

What are some modifiable risk factors for Coronary Artery Disease?

smoking, obesity, stress, HTN, diabetes

What are some non modifiable risk factors for Coronary Artery Disease?

gender, age, race, family history

What treatments are available for Coronary Artery Disease?

lifestyle changes, medications, angioplasty, CABG

How can Coronary Artery Disease be prevented?

healthy lifestyle choices → balanced diet, regular exercise, smoking cessation, and managing stress

What is CAD clinical presentation?

asymptomatic until decreased blood flow and oxygen to heart

What are the CAD labs?

Cholesterol (total, HDL, LDL), cardiac enzymes (Troponin I & T, CK-MB), C reactive protein, Homocysteine

What is stable angina?

chest pain when the heart needs more O2 than normal, usually during exercise

What is the treatment for stable angina?

rest and nitroglycerin

What is unstable angina?

chest pain that occurs unpredictably and lasts longer than stable angina, often requiring immediate medical attention

What is STEMI?

a complete blockage of the coronary artery that shows elevated ST→ decreased blood flow to heart muscle

What is NSTEMI?

a partial block of the coronary artery that does not show elevated ST segments, but still reduces blood flow to the heart muscle

What is the role of the nurse in CAD?

complete physical and health history, occupation (stress, exposures), family history, SDoH, education

What is the nurses education for a client with CAD?

lifestyle modifications→ weight, diet, smoking cessation, HTN, hyperlipidemia, DM

what are the medications for CAD?

beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, nitrates, statins/ non statins, antiplatelet agent, anticoagulants, thrombolytics

What is heart failure?

the heart is unable to pump sufficiently to maintain blood flow to meet the body's needs

What are the risk factors of heart failure?

CAD, high BP, diabetes, previous MI, pulmonary disease, alcohol abuse, HTN, DM, cardiotoxic agents

What are the symptoms of heart failure?

SOB, fatigue, edema, difficulty sleeping, depression

How is heart failure diagnosed?

BNP, cardiac cath, ECG, ECHO, chest x ray

What are the different types of heart failure?

left and right sided heart failure, left-sided heart failure being more common

What treatments are available for heart failure?

lifestyle modifications, medications (like ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers), surgical interventions (sometimes)

How can heart failure be managed effectively?

regular monitoring, medication adherence, lifestyle changes (diet, exercise), and routine medical check-ups

What is the clinical presentation of Left HF?

JVD, SOB, HTN, tachycardia, orthopnea, weight gain, LE edema

What is the clinical presentation of Right HF?

JVD, SOB, chest discomfort, palpations, ascites, peripheral edema

What is the nurses role in HF?

assess clients ability of ADL, safe O2 use (edu), medication safety/ compliance, dietary teaching, daily weights

What is cardiomyopathy?

heart muscle disease that affects the size, shape, and ability to pump blood effectively

What are the types of cardiomyopathy?

dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive, arrhythmogenic

What are cardiomyopathy risk factors?

viral infections (inflammation), autoimmune disorders, malnutrition, alcohol use, genetics

What is the overall impact of cardiomyopathy?

increased risk for depression, unable to function independently, financial burden, risk for sudden cardiac death

What is the clinical presentation of cardiomyopathy?

chest discomfort, peripheral edema, JVD, ascites, fatigue, palpations, lightheaded, dyspnea

What are lab tests and diagnostic studies for cardiomyopathy?

chest x ray, ECG, CBC, CMP, Tropinin I & T, BNP

what is the nurses role for cardiomyopathy?

monitoring vital signs, educating patients on lifestyle modifications, administering medications as prescribed, assessing for symptoms of heart failure, and providing emotional support

What is the treatment for cardiomyopathy?

lifestyle changes, medications (ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers), implantable devices, heart transplant

What is Pericarditis?

inflammation of the pericardial sac

what are the risk factors for pericarditis?

Infections, autoimmune diseases, cancer, recent heart surgery, certain medications

What are the hallmarks of pericarditis?

pericardial friction rub and pain

what are the Lab and Diagnostic Studies for pericarditis?

CBC, ESR, Troponin I & T, blood cultures, ↓ PR interval, ↑ ST segment, echo, chest x ray/ MRI

What is nurses role in pericarditis?

thourough history, family history, education on no excess exercise for 3 months

what are the medications to treat pericarditis?

NSAIDS, Glucocorticoids (Deltasone)

what is pericardial effusion?

Accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space which can compress the 4 heart chambers and unable to expand to refill with blood

what is significantly decreased in a pericardial effusion?

CO

what is pericardial effusion associated with?

pericarditis that triggers accumulation of fluid in pericardial sac

what are risk factors for pericardial effusion?

cancer, infection, metabolic illness, cardiac trauma

what are the overall impacts of pericardial effusion?

life treating condition, patient may anxious, emergent intervention needed to avoid cardiac arrest

what are the labs and diagnostic studies for pericardial effusion?

blood tests, ECG, ECHO, chest x ray

what is the nurses role in pericardial effusion?

frequent cardiac focused assessment, assess for bleeding risk, obtain thorough history, explain what to expect before and after pericardiocentesis

what are the pericardial effusion treatments?

Pericardiocentesis, pericardial window

what is valvular dysfunction?

valves are damaged/ diseased and are unable to fully open or close causing the heart to work harder and become an insufficient pump

what are the causes of valvular dysfunction?

birth defect, atherosclerosis, HTN, lupus, HF, endocarditis, rheumatic disease

what are valvular dysfunction risk factors?

> 75 y/o, obesity, unhealthy habits, smoking, medical procedures or devices, family history

how does valvular dysfunction impact overall health?

dizziness, fainting, lethargy, weight loss, SOB, chest discomfort, LE edema, palpations

how is valvular dysfunction diagnosed?

ECHO (TTE, TEE), chest x ray, ECG, cardiac MRI, cardiac cath, stress test

For an ECHO, what is TTE and TEE?

TTE: non-invasive ultrasound test of the heart, TEE: guiding a probe down the esophagus for clearer images of the heart

what is the nurses role in valvular dysfunction?

assess/ identify manifestations, plan/ implement treatment plan

what are the manifestations in valvular dysfunction?

environmental and Individual factors, safety, education

what is the treatment for valvular dysfunction?

diuretics, beta blocker, calcium channel blockers, digoxin, vasodilators, valve repair or replacement, balloon valvuloplasty

what are the types of valve replacements in valvular dysfunction?

bovine (cow), porcine (pig), human, mechanical valves

what is peripheral vascular disease?

progressive conditions that alters blood flow through vessels outside the heart

what is CVD?

blood pools in the LE

what is CVI?

venous valves are working incorrectly or obstructed and causes constant increased venous pressure

what is venous thrombosis?

virchow triad: injury/ change to vein wall, abnormal blood clot components, veins blood flow is slowed or stopped

what are the risk factors for PVD?

abnormal vein structure, venous reflex, valvular incompetency, genetics, progesterone, pregnancy, obesity, smoking, family or thrombosis history

what is the clinical presentation for PVD?

varicose veins, edema, normal pulses, oozing ulcers, uncomfortable heaviness, skin has brown pigmentation around ankles

what are the labs/ diagnostic testing for PVD?

Plethysmography, Duplex Ultrasound

what is the nurses for in PVD?

safety (may have unstable gain), education, assessment (LE)

what are the manifestations of PVD?

venous ulcers, hemorrhage, edema, DVT, phlebitis

how is PVD treated?

elevation, exercise, compression therapy, vein stripping, ultrasound guided foam sclerotherapy, radiofrequency and laser ablation, anti-inflammatory

what are 3 peripheral venous disorders?

VTE, venous insufficiency, varicose veins

what is PAD?

narrow arteries that reduce blood flow to the LE

what is the most common cause of PAD?

atherosclerosis

what are PAD risk factors?

atherosclerosis, HTN, DM, BMI >30, vasospasm, inflated blood vessels, radiation exposure, LE injury, hypercholesterolemia, smoking, family history, aging

how is PAD clinically presented?

claudication, loss of hair, abnormal/ slow toenail growth, wounds on toe/feet, pale shiny skin, soft/ weak (diminished) pulses

how does PAD impact overall health?

discomfort, cramping (leg, hip, feet), decreased mobility, anxiety/ depression, neuropathy, fall risk

how is PAD diagnosed?

ABI, duplex ultrasonography, variation of angioplasty/gram

what is the nurses role in PAD?

assess for acute limb ischemia, ask if patient is allergic to shell fish or iodine (angiogram), edu

what are the the manifestations of acute limb ischemia?

pallor, pain, paresthesia, paralysis, pulselessness, poikilothermia