GEOGRAPHY - POPULATION AOS1

- This is for geography year 12 - UNIT 4 - AOS1

Define POPULATION DYNAMICS

Refers to the changes that occur in a population and includes how and why these changes occur

Define CRUDE BIRTH RATH

Calculated as the number of births per 1000 people per year in a population

For crude birth rate, what are some factors to a HIGH ECONOMICALLY DEVELOPED COUNTRIES?

• low infant and child morality rates due to safe drinking water, effective access to health services and reliable food supply helps ensure to children survival to adulthood

• Children may be seen for economic liability due to high cost to raise them, especially with education and housing

• Welfare systems and/or superannuation schemes exist to support parents when they retire

• Widespread knowledge and access to contraception and family planning

• Woman were better educated and expected to have an career, delaying childbearing or choose to have no or fewer kids.

• Pro-natalist religious beliefs may be rejected by many couples

• Social Success in not equated with family size; less family pressure to marry and/or have children

For crude birth rate, what are some factors to a LOW ECONOMICALLY DEVELOPED COUNTRIES?

• High infant and child morality rates due to unsafe drinking water, diseases or food shortage, and limit access to healthcare, meaning that couples are likely to have additional children to ensure some survives to adulthood.

• Rural areas - childrean can be seen as economic asset to help with farming or household chores from a young age. As they get older, they may earn money for the family.

• Sons do provide old-age support and security for their parents; few governments in less economically developed countries provide age pensions.

• Couples still have limited or no access to contraception; family planning may be limited such as rural areas

• Woman have little choice have family planning and size, low level of education may inhibit power to make decisions.

• Religious beliefs in some regions may inhibit the use of family planning.

• Pro-natalist policies of some governments legislate against birth control and abortion.

• Some cultures equate social and personal success with large families.

Define CRUDE DEATH RATES

Calculated as the number of deaths per 1000 people in a year of the population

Define TOTAL FERTILITY RATE

Average number of births per woman of child-bearing age. Child-bearing age is considered to be 15-49 years.

What is total fertility rate HIGHLY INTERCONNECTED WITH?

Birth rate

What are the SOCIAL, CULTURAL AND ECONOMIC FACTORS that is interconnected with Total Fertility Rate?

• Extension of family planning programs from urban to rural areas and into areas of lower economic development.

• Improvement in health care resulting in lower death rates of young children and therefore reducing the need for replacement children. Healthcare improved with vaccinations and safer childbirth and abortions.

• Extension of women’s education and status: education proves to empower the choices available for women in family planning.

• Role of government policies may include all above influences, but also to promote.

• Anti-natalist line: China’s population policies and Bangladesh’s two child policy

Define LIFE EXPECTANCY

Average number of years a person can be expected to live from birth.

What are some factors to LIFE EXPECTANCY?

• Family structure

• health service provisions

• security remain the same as at birth.

What is the MALTHUSIAN THEORY?

Made by Thomas Malthus that wrote an essay based on ‘the Principle of Population’. Theorised that the more population comes in, there won’t be enough crops and foods to feed a lot of people which causes disasters such as famine, war.

What does Thomas Malthus hypothesise about POPULATION and SUSTAINABILITY?

• He hypothesised that while the world’s population would grow exponentially (2,4,8,16,32…), while food production would only increase arithmetically (2,4,6,8,10…), over the same period.

• He argued that the population would naturally respond by continuing to increase. There will be a point of crisis where prices of scarce goods become unaffordable and productivity of land would not be able to sustain the population.

What has Malthus argued about POSITIVE CHECKS?

Malthus thought of other possible positive checks that would lower population totals such as diseases, disasters and war. Even link to food shortages that can increase death rates.

What has Malthus argued about PREVENTION to population?

Malthus argued that there should be delays in marriage and sex until they could afford to raise children. The marriage between couples of extreme poverty or with ‘social defects’ could be restricted.

What was WRONG about the Malthusian theory?

• increase food production during the 19th century.

• Large scale irrigation schemes, widespread use of artificial fertilisers, mechanisation of farming and development of hybrid plants and selective breeding of animals increased the global food population.

• Fertility rate have fallen; since populations have become more urbanised.

• Malthus never anticipated that family planning would be widespread in populations and that contraception are accessibly to all levels of society

What is the NEO-MALTHUSIAN THEORY?

• Sub-Saharan Africa: food production has fallen way behind population increases. Malthusian checks of starvation and disease have been realised at various times since the 1960s. Food shortages in many regions may be due to political conflicts and rural out-migration than to the productivity of the land.

• Population control advocates, including in major international Development agencies such as the United Nations, International Monetary Fund and World Bank, do take up Malthus’s viewpoints.

• Restricting the number of children a couple can have would help reduce the pressure on existing and future resources.

• China’s one child policy can be an example argued by the Neo-Malthusian policy

What is a DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION?

A serious of agriculturally-based stages to an urban-based one.

STAGE 1 of the Demographic Transition Model

• Birth rates and death rates are high and variable, resulting in a mostly rate of population growth.

• Agriculturally-based with a need for large families providing labour and old-age security

• Fluctuations in population growth could be from famine, war, natural disasters, peaceful periods and good harvests.

• No countries for example, but historically, most pre-industrial societies would have been at this stage.

STAGE 2 of the Demographic Transition Model

• Birth rate remains high while death rate falls rapidly with an improvement to sanitation, medical care and food security. Rate of natural increase rise throughout the stage

• Example: Some Sub-Saharan countries (e.g. Angola)

• Birth rates fall globally, there are fewer countries left to experience most of the stage.

• Both I and II population has an age-sex structure, or population pyramid that has a broad, young base tapering rapidly to a narrow, old apex, or top

STAGE 3 of the Demographic Transition Model

• birth rate begins to fall. This is due to the improvement in education, access to contraception, and lower infant and mortality. Common features to the society growing wealthier, healthier and more urbanised.

• death rates continue to fall but slower

• natural increase is initially high but begins to fall

• The structures continue to be broad but thicken in the middle years presenting the surviving kids from an earlier age entering the economically active age

STAGE 4 of the Demographic Transition Model

• birth rates and death rates are low, producing low rates of natural increase

• average lng life expectancies, have access to health services and reliable supplies of food.

• urbanised developed countries.

STAGE 5 of the Demongraphic Transition Model

• low birth rates and slightly rising death rates, close to 0 population growth or declining population total.

• shrinking young base and a boradering older top

• as such as the graphic representation becomes less like the shape of a pyramid

Define MIGRANT

A person who moves from one place to another, especially to find work or better living conditions. It is not necessarily permanent.

Define IMMIGRANT

A person who moves to another country to live there permanently.

Define IMMIGRATION

The process of people moving into a country to live there

Define MIGRATION

The movement of people form one place to another, which can be within a country or between countries

Define REFUGEE

Someone who has been forced to leave their country because of war, violence, or persecution and has been officially recognised as needing protection by a government or international body (like the UN)

Define ASLYUM SEEKER

Someone who has fled their country and is asking for protection in another country, but is still waiting for their claim to be assessed.

Define EMIGRATION

The act of leaving your own country to live in another couuntry.

What is INTRA-UBRAN MIGRATION?

Refers to movements within urban areas. For example, people moving from a house in a city to an apartment in the city.

What is INTERNAL MIGRATION?

Describes movement within a country. For example, a worker moves from a city to a regional centre to buy a more affordacle house.

What is INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION?

Describes movements across national boundaries. For example, in the three years after Poland joined the European Union in 2004, over half a million Polish people migrated to the UK in search of employment to support a better quality of life.

What is SEASONAL MIGRATION?

Describes a periodic short-term movement to a new address, for example to harvest a fruit or vegetable crop over several weeks or months. In some regions and nations, seasonal internal migration involves very large numbers of people e.g. for religious observance or to assist in the harvest, and has great economic and cultural significance as well as ensuring enduring interconnections between urban and rural communities.

What is TEMPORARY MIGRATION?

Refers to a semi-permanent short-term migration; for instance, young adults leaving the family home to study at a regional university.

What is RECURRENT MIGRATION?

Occurring more than once. Migrant workers in France may come for a year or two and later return.

What is INDEFINITE or PERMANENT MIGRATION?

Long-term change of residence. This can be triggered by a search for a better quality of life, which may include employment opportunities, lifestyle factors, seeking asylum and personal freedom.

Define PUSH FACTOR

Reasons that force people to move away from their home

Define PULL FACTOR

Reasons that draw people to move to country

What are some factors to PUSH FACTOR?

• Unemploymnt or underemployment

• Poverty

• Famine

• Drought or flood leaves subsistence farmers without food

• Political, religious or social persecution

• War, conflict

• Lack of services

• Disasters

• Isolation and loneliness

• Adverse climate

What are some factors to PULL FACTORS?

• Potential for better employment

• Greater wealth, higher standard of living

• Fertile land; reliable fresh water supply

• Adequate and reliable food supplies

• Better safety and tolerance

• Political security

• A range of services provided, for example, education and health services

• Less hazardous situation

• Access to family and friends

• Less extreme climate

What is a HIGH AGENCY migrant?

Those with more choice and power about when and where they migrate.

What is a LOW AGENCY migrant?

Those with less choice and power about when and where they migrate.

What are some RURAL TO URBAN MIGRATION factors?

• Improved employment opportunities

• Improved access to services 

• High levels of female empowerment in the city 

• Access to education 

• Family and social networks to support the move may already exist in the city 

• Better access to services

What are some Rural to Urban Migration DEVELOPMENT?

Countries that have higher levels of urbanisation typically have higher standard of living, life expectancy and economic development. This is usually due to:

• Better electricity access 

• Improved sanitation 

• Improved access to drinking water

• Improved access to healthcare 

Places that are undergoing high rates of urbanisation are often developing countries because developed countries already have a higher percentage of people living in urban areas.

What was the population in Saudi Arabia at 2021?

35 million