UTS - MIDTERM part 2

Erik Erikson

German born psychoanalyst and developmental psychologist

HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE

A perspective that emphasizes looking at the whole individual and stresses concepts such as free will, self-efficacy, and self-actualization.

HUMANISM

The fundamental belief of humanistic psychology is that people are innately good. It focuses on helping people live well, achieve personal growth, and make the world a better place.

CARL RANSOM ROGERS

American Psychologist, He is considered to be one of the founding fathers of Psychotherapy Research, Person Centered Approach to Psychotherapy

POSITIVE REGARD

Rogers believed that we need to be regarded positively by others; we need to feel valued, respected, treated with affection and love. Positive regard has to do with how other people evaluate and judge us in social interaction. Rogers made a distinction between

CONDITIONS OF WORTH

They perceive that their parents, peers, or partners love and accept them only if they meet those people’s expectations and approval

SELF-ACTUALIZATION

The process of actualization is neither automatic nor effortless; it involves struggle and even pain

Real self

How we see ourselves At a simple level, we might perceive ourselves as a good or bad person and beautiful or ugly

Ideal self

This is the person who we would like to be. It consists of our goals and ambitions in life, and is dynamic – i.e., forever changing.

BEHAVIORIST PERSPECTIVE

The behaviorist perspective is a theory of psychology that states that human behaviors arelearned, not innate.

THORNDIKE’S LAW OF EFFECT

According to this principle, behavior that is followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated, and behavior followed by unpleasant consequences is less likely to be repeated.

SKINNER’S BOX/OPERANT CONDITIONING

is a method of learning that occurs through reinforcements/reward sand punishments for behavior

Positive reinforcement

strengthens a behavior by providing a consequence anindividual finds rewarding

Negative reinforcement

strengthens a behavior because it stop or remove an unpleasant experience.

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory

States that events in our childhood have a great influence on our adult lives, shaping our personality

Primacy of the Unconscious

Contend that the majority of psychological processes take place outside conscious awareness

Critical Importance of Early Experiences

posits that early childhood events play a role in shaping personality

Psychic Causality

psychodynamic theory points that nothing in mental life happens by chance—that there is no such thing as a random thought, feeling, motive, or behavior

unconscious

includes drives and instincts that are beyond awareness but that motivate most human behaviors.

DRIVE

mental representation of an inner bodily source of excitement

preconscious

contains images that are not in awareness but that can become conscious either quite easily or with some level of difficulty

Conscious ideas

stem from either the perception of external stimuli (our perceptual conscious system) or from the unconscious and preconscious after they have evaded censorship

ID

Raw, unorganized, inborn part of personality, Satisfaction is the ultimate goal, Pleasure Principle

EGO

Instinctual energy (ID) is restrained in order to maintain the safety of the individual and keep him/her within societies norms, Reality Principle

SUPEREGO

Moral Ideals and Conscience Guides us toward socially acceptable behavior through the use of guilt and anxiety

Life/Sex (Eros)

These instinctive urges seek to preserve life. Each of us is motivated to satisfy our hunger, thirst, and sexual needs. Without food and water, we could not survive.

Death/Aggression (Thanatos)

this is considered as the destructive drive, according to Freud the aim of this drive is to return the organism to an inorganic state

DEFENSE MECHANISMS

The ego is attempting to reduce or avoid anxiety- an unpleasant emotional experience similar but not identical to feelings of nervousness, worry, agitation, or panic

ORAL

(BIRTH TO 12-18 MONTHS)

ANAL

( 12-18 M TO 3YEARS)

PHALLIC

( 3 TO 5 YEARS)

LATENCY

( 5-6 YEARS TO ADOLESCENCE)

GENITAL

(ADOLESCENCE TO ADULTHOOD)

ALFRED ADLER

Austrian medical doctor, psychotherapist, and • Founder of the school of individual psychology

SELF-IDEAL

is an expression of the fictional goal of the personality, which is an image of success.

INFERIORITY COMPLEX

Unhealthy; produces feelings of helplessness and feelings of hopelessness

RULING TYPE

People who don't have much social interest or cultural perception

GETTING TYPE

Dependent people who take rather than give

AVOIDING TYPE

Children who feel unloved and unwanted are likely to borrow heavily from these feelings in creating a neglected style of life

SOCIALLY / USEFUL TYPE

people with a great deal of social interest andactivity

ANAL-RETENTIVE

Obsessive in cleanliness, stingy

ANAL REPULSIVE

Messy, lack of commitment