Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells - Video Notes Review

Flashcards cover the key concepts from prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells, plant and animal tissues, and cell modifications as presented in the notes.

What does the term 'prokaryote' mean and what does it imply about the nucleus?

It comes from Greek 'pro' meaning before and 'karyon' meaning kernel, referring to the absence of a true nucleus.

Where is the genetic material of a prokaryotic cell located?

In the nucleoid, a region that lacks a surrounding membrane.

Name the major parts of a prokaryotic cell.

Cell wall, cell membrane, ribosomes, and a nucleoid.

How many domains make up prokaryotes and what are they called?

Two domains: Bacteria and Archaea.

Where are Archaea commonly found?

In extreme environments, such as hot springs or near volcanoes.

What is a key difference between Archaea and Bacteria in terms of cell walls?

Archaea have thicker, stronger walls for harsh conditions; Bacteria have more permeable walls that are less protective but require less energy to build.

Are prokaryotes typically unicellular or multicellular?

Unicellular.

Why are prokaryotes important to life on Earth?

They recycle nutrients by decomposing dead organisms and participate in many metabolic processes.

How do gut bacteria contribute to digestion?

They help break down difficult-to-digest carbohydrates and other compounds.

Define a prokaryotic cell.

A simple, single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Where is prokaryotic DNA located?

In the nucleoid, a central region without a membrane.

What is the oldest fossil evidence age of eukaryotes?

About 2 billion years old.

What does the term 'eukaryote' mean?

'Eu' means true and 'karyon' means nucleus, i.e., true nucleus.

What is an organelle?

A membrane-bound structure within a cell with a specialized function.

Name major organelles typically found in a eukaryotic cell.

Cell membrane, cell wall, ribosomes, nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes (Golgi body and other organelles are also present).

What are the four kingdoms of eukaryotic organisms?

Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, and Protista.

How are plants and animals different according to the notes?

Plants are photosynthetic, have cell walls and specialized reproductive tissue; animals lack cell walls, are locomotor, and have a digestive tract.

How do fungi obtain nutrients?

They digest their food externally and then absorb it through their cell walls.

Are plants, animals, and fungi typically multicellular?

Yes; protists are usually single-celled and motile.

What are the two main components listed under endoplasmic reticulum in the notes?

Smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum.

What is a key feature of a eukaryotic cell regarding nucleus and organelles?

It has a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

What are the four kingdoms of eukaryotic organisms again?

Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protista.

What is the function of guard cells in epidermal tissue?

To open and close the stomata, regulating water loss by transpiration.

What type of tissue is the outermost layer that protects underlying tissue in plants?

Epidermal tissue.

What are the three main types of plant ground tissue?

Parenchyma, Collenchyma, and Sclerenchyma.

What is meristematic tissue and where is it found?

Tissue that is actively dividing to produce new cells; found at plant meristems such as apical and lateral meristems.

What is apical meristem responsible for?

Growth in length (increasing the length of roots and stems).

What is lateral (cambial) meristem responsible for?

Growth in thickness or width (woody roots/stems) and includes cork cambium and vascular cambium.

What are permanent tissues?

Specialized tissues that do not divide constantly; differentiate into epidermal, vascular, or ground tissue.

What is the function of epidermal tissue?

Protects the plant and covers roots, stems, and leaves; tightly packed cells defend against injury and water loss.

What are guard cells and what is their role?

Guard cells surround stomata and regulate their opening to control transpiration.

What is the function of hair cells in epidermal tissue?

Increase surface area of the root to maximize water and nutrient uptake.

What is xylem tissue responsible for?

Transporting water and mineral salts from roots to stems and leaves; composed of dead vessels/tracheids reinforced with lignin.

What is phloem tissue responsible for?

Transporting food from leaves to growing or storage areas; composed of sieve tubes and companion cells.

What are the three plant tissue systems shown in anatomy diagrams?

Vascular tissue, Ground tissue, and Dermal tissue (epidermis).

What are the three muscle tissue types in animals?

Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth muscle.

How do skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles differ in control?

Skeletal is voluntary; Cardiac is involuntary with intercalated discs; Smooth is involuntary and found in hollow organs.

What is nervous tissue composed of and what is its main function?

Neurons and glial cells; neurons sense stimuli and transmit electrical signals.

What is a neuron’s axon responsible for?

Transmitting nerve impulses to other neurons or cells.

What are the four plant tissue types that form tissues?

Vascular, Epidermal, Ground, and Meristematic tissues.

What is pseudostratified columnar epithelium and where is it usually found?

A single layer of tall cells that may appear stratified; lines the respiratory tract and is often ciliated.

What is the difference between villi and microvilli?

Villi are finger-like projections in organs to increase surface area; microvilli are smaller projections on cell surfaces to further increase surface area for absorption.

What is the extracellular matrix (ECM) and its function?

A secreted network that binds cells together and provides mechanical strength; in animal cells, glycoproteins are major components.

What are basal modifications and name one example?

Cell modifications on the basal surface, such as hemidesmosomes that anchor cells to the basal lamina via integrins and keratin.

What are tight junctions and their role?

Lateral cell junctions that create a leak-proof barrier, regulating movement of water and solutes between epithelial layers.

What are adherening (adherens) junctions?

Anchoring junctions on the lateral surface that fasten cells to one another using transmembrane cadherins and cytoskeletal connections.

What are gap junctions also known as and what is their function?

Also called communicating junctions; they provide closable channels that allow direct exchange of small molecules between adjacent cells.

What does the term 'prokaryote' mean and what does it imply about the nucleus?

It comes from Greek 'pro' meaning before and 'karyon' meaning kernel, referring to the absence of a true nucleus.

Where is the genetic material of a prokaryotic cell located?

In the nucleoid, a region that lacks a surrounding membrane.

Name the major parts of a prokaryotic cell.

Cell wall, cell membrane, ribosomes, and a nucleoid.

How many domains make up prokaryotes and what are they called?

Two domains: Bacteria and Archaea.

Where are Archaea commonly found?

In extreme environments, such as hot springs or near volcanoes.

What is a key difference between Archaea and Bacteria in terms of cell walls?

Archaea have thicker, stronger walls for harsh conditions; Bacteria have more permeable walls that are less protective but require less energy to build.

Are prokaryotes typically unicellular or multicellular?

Unicellular.

Why are prokaryotes important to life on Earth?

They recycle nutrients by decomposing dead organisms and participate in many metabolic processes.

How do gut bacteria contribute to digestion?

They help break down difficult-to-digest carbohydrates and other compounds.

Define a prokaryotic cell.

A simple, single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Where is prokaryotic DNA located?

In the nucleoid, a central region without a membrane.

What is the oldest fossil evidence age of eukaryotes?

About 2 billion years old.

What does the term 'eukaryote' mean?

'Eu' means true and 'karyon' means nucleus, i.e., true nucleus.

What is an organelle?

A membrane-bound structure within a cell with a specialized function.

Name major organelles typically found in a eukaryotic cell.

Cell membrane, cell wall, ribosomes, nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes (Golgi body and other organelles are also present).

What are the four kingdoms of eukaryotic organisms?

Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, and Protista.

How are plants and animals different according to the notes?

Plants are photosynthetic, have cell walls and specialized reproductive tissue; animals lack cell walls, are locomotor, and have a digestive tract.

How do fungi obtain nutrients?

They digest their food externally and then absorb it through their cell walls.

Are plants, animals, and fungi typically multicellular?

Yes; protists are usually single-celled and motile.

What are the two main components listed under endoplasmic reticulum in the notes?

Smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum.

What is a key feature of a eukaryotic cell regarding nucleus and organelles?

It has a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

What are the four kingdoms of eukaryotic organisms again?

Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protista.

What is the function of guard cells in epidermal tissue?

To open and close the stomata, regulating water loss by transpiration.

What type of tissue is the outermost layer that protects underlying tissue in plants?

Epidermal tissue.

What are the three main types of plant ground tissue?

Parenchyma, Collenchyma, and Sclerenchyma.

What is meristematic tissue and where is it found?

Tissue that is actively dividing to produce new cells; found at plant meristems such as apical and lateral meristems.

What is apical meristem responsible for?

Growth in length (increasing the length of roots and stems).

What is lateral (cambial) meristem responsible for?

Growth in thickness or width (woody roots/stems) and includes cork cambium and vascular cambium.

What are permanent tissues?

Specialized tissues that do not divide constantly; differentiate into epidermal, vascular, or ground tissue.

What is the function of epidermal tissue?

Protects the plant and covers roots, stems, and leaves; tightly packed cells defend against injury and water loss.

What are guard cells and what is their role?

Guard cells surround stomata and regulate their opening to control transpiration.

What is the function of hair cells in epidermal tissue?

Increase surface area of the root to maximize water and nutrient uptake.

What is xylem tissue responsible for?

Transporting water and mineral salts from roots to stems and leaves; composed of dead vessels/tracheids reinforced with lignin.

What is phloem tissue responsible for?

Transporting food from leaves to growing or storage areas; composed of sieve tubes and companion cells.

What are the three plant tissue systems shown in anatomy diagrams?

Vascular tissue, Ground tissue, and Dermal tissue (epidermis).

What are the three muscle tissue types in animals?

Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth muscle.

How do skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles differ in control?

Skeletal is voluntary; Cardiac is involuntary with intercalated discs; Smooth is involuntary and found in hollow organs.

What is nervous tissue composed of and what is its main function?

Neurons and glial cells; neurons sense stimuli and transmit electrical signals.

What is a neuron’s axon responsible for?

Transmitting nerve impulses to other neurons or cells.

What are the four plant tissue types that form tissues?

Vascular, Epidermal, Ground, and Meristematic tissues.

What is pseudostratified columnar epithelium and where is it usually found?

A single layer of tall cells that may appear stratified; lines the respiratory tract and is often ciliated.

What is the difference between villi and microvilli?

Villi are finger-like projections in organs to increase surface area; microvilli are smaller projections on cell surfaces to further increase surface area for absorption.

What is the extracellular matrix (ECM) and its function?

A secreted network that binds cells together and provides mechanical strength; in animal cells, glycoproteins are major components.

What are basal modifications and name one example?

Cell modifications on the basal surface, such as hemidesmosomes that anchor cells to the basal lamina via integrins and keratin.

What are tight junctions and their role?

Lateral cell junctions that create a leak-proof barrier, regulating movement of water and solutes between epithelial layers.

What are adherening (adherens) junctions?

Anchoring junctions on the lateral surface that fasten cells to one another using transmembrane cadherins and cytoskeletal connections.

Also called communicating junctions; they provide clos