Aqueous Stoich Vocab

Solution

Homogenous mixture of two or more substances

Mixture

Physically put together and can be separated by physical means

Aqueous Solution

water is the solvent

Miscible

easily mix to form a homogeneous mixture

Immiscible

does not mix

Electrolyte

solute that results in a solution that can conduct electricity

Non-electrolytes

solute that results in a solution that cannot conduct electricity

Strong Electrolyte

Dissociate 100%
Strong Acids and Bases plus Soluble Ionic compounds/salts.
One way arrow: HCl —> H+ + Cl-

Weak Electrolyte

dissolve well and dissociate a little
Weak Acids
Weak Bases
Use reversible arrow: NH3 + H2O ⇌ NH4+ + OH-

Non-Electrolyte

Dissolve but no dissociation.
Sugars
Alcohols
Soluble (non acidic) compounds.

Acids

ionize in water and produce H+, H3O, and Acidic Protons
Properties:
rinse off quickly/cleanly
sour taste
turns litmus blue

Bases

ionize in water and produce OH-
Properties:
rinse off badly, slippery/soapy
acrid/bitter taste
turns litmus pink

common inorganic weak base

NH3 + H2O ⇌ NH4+ + OH-
NH3 takes a hydrogen atom from water

Acid/Base Equivalence point

when all acid is neutralized/reacted

acid/base endpoint

when indicator (phenolphthalein) kicks in, turns pink when basic. colorless when acidic.

redox equivalence point

when reducing agent is completely oxidized by oxidizing agent

redox titration ends

ox agent usually changes color when most or all is reduced
MnO4- (purple) —> Mn2+ (colorless)
Cr2O72- (orange)—> Cr3+ (green) - this reaction is (carcinogenic)

strong acids

HCl, HBr, HI, HNO₃, HClO₄, H₂SO₄*

Strong Bases

akali metals and Ca,Ba,Sr