Exam 3; Chapters 9, 11

what are the 3 types of muscle tissue

skeletal, smooth and cardiac

involuntary muscle tissue

cardiac and smooth

striated muscle tissue

skeletal and cardiac

visceral muscle tissue

smooth

2 types of muscle cells that are elongated and referred to as muscle fibers

skeletal and smooth

sacro is a reference to __

muscle tissue

4 characteristics that all muscles share

excitability, contractibility, extensibility and elasticity

excitability is the ability of a cell to ___ and ____ to a ____ by changing it’s _____ _____

receive, respond, stimulus, membrane potential

contractibility is the ability to ____ forcibly when adaquently _____

shorten, stimulated

extensibility is the ability to ___ or ____

extend, stretch

Elasticity is the ability of a muscle cell to ___ and ___ its ___ length after _____

recoil, resume, resting, stretching

4 important functions of muscles

1. produce movement; responsible for all locomotion and manipulation

2. maintain posture and body position

3. stabilize joints

4. generate heat as they contract

additional functions of muscles

protect organs, form valves, control pupil size, cause goosebumps

skeletal muscle is made of

muscle fibers, nerves (1), blood (1 artery, 1 vein; or more), connective tissue

epimysium is the “______” of _____ _____ connective tissue that ____ the whole ____

overcoat, dense irregular, surrounds, muscle

fascicles are ___ ____ grouped into ____

muscle fibers, bundles

perimysium is a layer of ___ ____ connective tissue that surrounds each ___

dense irregular, fascicle

endomysium is a ___ ___ of fine ____ connective tissue that surrounds each individual ____ ____

wispy sheath, areolar, muscle fiber

muscle attach in at least 2 places;

insertion and origin

types of attachments

direct or fleshy, indirect

Direct or fleshy attachment is when the _____ of a muscle is ____ to the _____ of a ___ or _____ of a ____

epimysium, fused, periosteum, bone, perichondrium, cartilage

indirect attachment is when the muscles ____ ____ wrappings extend beyond muscle either as a ____-like ____ or as ___- like ____

connective tissue, rope, tendons, sheet, aponeurosis

aponeurosis anchors ___ to the ____ tissue covering of a ____ / _____ or to ____ of other muscles

muscles, connective, bone/ cartilage, fascia

____ attachments are more common because of their ____ and ___ size

indirect, durability, small

skeletal muscle cells have a diameter ___ more of an average body cell and length up to ____ long

10x, 30cm

sarcoplasm is the ____ of a ____ muscle

cytoplasm, striated

gylcosomes are granules of stored ____ that provide ____ during muscle cell activity for ___ production

glycogen, glucose, ATP

myogoblin is the ___ pigment that stores ___

red, oxygen

ligaments connect ___ to ____

bone to bone

tendons connect ___ to ___

bone to muscle

a single ___ ___ contains hundreds to thousands of ____

muscle fiber, myofibrils

myofibrils run ___ to its ____

parallel, length

myofibrils account for ____ of cellular volume

80%

myofibrils contain contractile elements ___ and ____

sarcomeres, myofilaments

sarcomeres are between ___ successive ___ discs

2, z

sarcomeres are the __ contractile unit of the _ they are the “ ____ unit”

smallest, muscle, functional

myofilaments are within the ____

sarcomeres

the 2 types of myofilaments

thick and thin filaments

__ is the thick filament

myosin

__ is the thin filament

actin

myosin has __ heads and form ___ ___

2, cross bridges

actin contains 2 proteins;

tropomyosin, troponin

____ and ____ help control the __- __ interactions in __ __

tropomyosin, troponin, myosin-actin, muscle contractions

Sacroplasmic recticulum is a network of ___ ___ ___ surrounding each ____. most run ___

smooth endoplasmic reticulum, myofibril, longitudinally

in the sarcoplasmic reticulum pairs of terminal ___ form ___ cross channels

cisterns, perpendicular

the sacroplasmic reticulum functions in regulation of ______ ___ levels, stores and releases it

intracelluar Ca2+

__ ___ help conduct ____ _____ to the deepest regions of the ___ cell and every _____. These impulses trigger release of _____

T tubules, nerve impulses, muscle, sarcomere, calcium

contraction is the activation of ___ ____ to generate ____

cross bridges, force

contraction ends when ___ ____ become _____

cross bridges, inactive

the sliding filament model of contraction states that during ____, ___ filaments slide past ____ filaments, causing ___ and ____ to ____ more

contraction, thin, thick, actin, myosin, overlap

true or false; during contraction neither thick nor thin filaments change length

true

Z discs are ____

atin

h zone is ___ filament

thick

I band is ___ filament

thin

A band is ___ filament but ___ on edges

thick, thin

m lines are ___ filament linked to __ via accesory ___

thick, z, protiens

during sliding filament everything goes towards the ___

midline

when a muscle cell shortens, ____ shortens

sarcomere

four steps that must occur for skeletal muscle to contract

1. _____ stimulation

2. ____ _____ an _____ _____, must be generated in ______

3. _____ _____ must be _____ along ______

4. _____ ____ levels must ___ briefly

1. nerve

2. action potential, electrical current, sacrolemma

3. Action potential, propagated, sacrolemma

4. intracellular Ca2+, rise

skeletal muscles are stimulated by ____ ____ _____

somatic motor neurons

____ travel from ____ ____ ____ to ___ muscle

Axons, central nervous system, skeletal

____ branches end on ___ ____ forming ______ junction; callled ____ ____

Axon, muscle fiber, neuromuscular, Axon terminals

Axon terminals contain ___ _____

synaptic vesicles

Synaptic vesicles contain _____ (ACh)

acetylecholine

At the neuromuscular junction; ___ impulse arrives at ___ ____, increasing ___ causing ___ to be released

nerve, axon terminal, Ca2+, ACh

At the neuromuscular junction; ___ diffuses out and binds with _____ on ______

ACh, receptors, sarcolemma

At the neuromuscular junction; ___ binding leads to ___ events that ultimately generate an ____ ____ through ___ _____

ACh, electrical, action potential, muscle fiber

once neuromuscular junction is complete ___ is quickly broken down

ACh

ACh is broken down by the ____ ______, which stops _____

enzyme acetylcholinesterase, contractions

Resting ____ is______

sarcolemma, polarized

Action potential is caused by changes in ____ _____

electrical charges

Generation of an action potential across the sarcolemma occurs in 3 steps;

1. end plate potential

2. depolarization

3. repolarization

____ cross bridges are active so that ____ don’t slide back

myosin, filaments

the initial trigger for contraction is that ___ is ____

sarcolemma, depolarized

the final trigger for contraction is the concentration of ____ in _____

sarcolemma, cytosol

is there is no ATP in contraction is present then ____ ____ will occur

muscle rigger

muscle tension is ____ exerted by a _____ muscle on an object

force, contracting

True or false; contraction may or may not shorten muscle

true

2 types of contraction

isometric and isotonic

Isometric contraction is ____ but there is no _____

active, shortening

isotonic contraction is ___ and ____

lengthening, shortening

each muscle is served by at least ___ ____ ____

one, motor nerve

a motor unit is one motor _____ and all the ___ ___ it ____ or _____

neuron, muscle fibers, innervates, supplies

Muscle twitch is a _____ of a ___ to a ____ stimulation

response, muscle, single

in a muscle twitch, ___ ___ contracts ____ then ____

muscle fiber, quickly, relaxes

Muscle twitch is observed via ___

myogram

Muscle twitch has 3 phases;

latent period, period of contraction, period of relaxation

latent period is the first ____ following stimulation, ___ _____ begin to cycle but muscle ___ is not yet _____

milliseconds, cross bridges, tension, measurable

period of contraction; _____ _____ are active, from the ___ to peak of ____ development and ___ tracing rises to a peak, lasts ___ - __ ms

cross bridges, onset, tension, myogram, 10- 100

period of relaxation; ____ phase, lasting ___ -____ ms, due to pumping of ____ back into ___; muscle ____ decreases to ____ and tracing returns to _____

final, 10-100 ms, calcium, SR, tension, zero, baseline

graded muscle responses vary ____ of _____ for different demands

strength, contraction

graded muscle responses are required for proper control of ____ _____

skeletal movement

graded muscle responses are graded by changing in _____ of stimulation and changing ______ of stimulation

frequency, strength

muscle tone is the ____, slightly ____ state of all muscles

constant, contracted

muscle tone is due to ____ ____

spinal reflexes

muscle tone keeps muscles ____, ____ and ready to _____

firm, healthy, respond

muscle tone helps stabilize ____ and maintain _____

joints, posture

2 types of contractions

isotonic and isometric

isotonic contractions are when muscle ____ developed overcomes load and muscle ____ or ____ occurs

tension, shortening, lengthening

2 types of isotonic contractions

concentric, eccentric