EQST405: Pregnancy Examination, Twinning, and Embryonic Loss

Detection of bulge at base of horn, good to excellent uterine tone, & closed (narrow & elongated) cervix

How to detect pregnancy via rectal palpation?

25 days

When is pregnancy detectable via rectal palpation in maiden/barren mares?

ventrally

Where is the bulge for preganancy located in the uterine horn?

B-mode real time

Ultrasound mode used for pregnancy detection

5-7.5 MHz linear-array Transducer

Probe used for pregnancy detection

echogenicity

ultrasound is based off of what property of tissues?

density

Brightness on image is directly proportional to what of tissues?

white

highly echogenic tissues color on ultrasound

black

anechoic tissues color on ultrasound

white

color of air on ultrasound

black

color of fluid on ultrasound

15 days

Up to how many days is the vesicle/embryo highly motile

vesicle

sphere that embryo is contained in

bifurcation

Where does implantation occur?

16 days

When does the motility of an embryo cease?

21-22 days

When is the embryo proper visible?

25 days

When can the heart beat be heard?

yolk sac regresses & allantoic sac expands

At 29-30 days, what happens to the embryonic sacs?

yolk sac is gone & amniotic sac visible

At 45 days, what happens to the embryonic sacs?

day 14-16

First exam for pregnancy

day 24-27

Second exam for pregnancy

second exam

What exam is the fetal heartbeat heard at?

day 33 to 35

Third exam for pregnancy

October

Autumn exam for pregnancy

1) prone to twinning

2) has many cysts

3) have lost pregnancies before

When are extra scans needed in mares?

1) Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin (eCG)

2) Estrone sulfate

3) Progesterone

3 hormonal tests for pregnancy

endometrial cups

eCG is produced by what?

35-120 days gestation

endometrial cups appear at what period of gestation?

estrone sulfate

produced by fetal-placental unit

day 90 of gestation

When is estrone sulfate most reliable for pregnancy diagnosis?

pregnancy diagnosis & monitor fetal viability

2 uses of estrone sulfate

placenta

Twin foals share what?

double ovulation & splitting of embryos

2 ways to get twins in mares

synchronous or asynchronous

2 types of double ovulation

prior to fixation (day 14-15) & embryos still mobile

When is twin management best performed?

28 days

How long should you wait to give prostaglandin in most twin cases?

pinch (reduce)

Protocol that can be performed with early detection of twins

lymphatic cysts

Most common uterine cysts

anechoic fluid

Found within lumen of cyst

embryo mobility or placental-endometrial attachment

Numerous cysts could interfere with what 2 things?