CHEM 108 - Final Flashcards

Dehydration

OH → C=C

Hydration

C=C → OH

Hydrolysis

Thioester → Carboxylic acid or carboxylate

Isomerization

Shuffling things around

Same formula but different structure

Oxidation

NAD - alcohol → ketone

FAD - alkane → alkene

Oxidation/decarboxylation

Carboxylate → Ketone + CO2

Phosphate transfer

PiO-C → HO-C + ATP

Phosphorylation

HO-C-C → PiO-C-CH

Reduction

NADH - O=C → HO-C

NADH

Reduce

O=C → HO-C

NAD

Oxidize

HO-C → O=C

FAD

Oxidize

C-C → C=C

FADH2

None

Co-SH

Carboxylate → Acetyl CoA

Secondary alcohol

Oxidation

Apha-keto acid

Oxidation/decarboxylation

Thioester

Hydrolysis

Alpha-beta alkene

Hydration

Oxidizing agent

Causes other substance to be oxidized

Reducing agent

Causes other substance to be reduced

Coenzymes that enter ETC

NADH, FADH2

Complex I

Uses NADH

Pushes H+

Complex II

Uses FADH2

Doesn’t push H+

Complex III

Cyt C

Complex IV

O2 → H2O

Complex I, III, IV

Push H+ into intermembrane space

Intermembrane space

High H+

Low pH

Matrix

Low H+

High pH

Glycolysis

Glucose, ATP → ATP, NADH

Citric acid cycle

Acetyl CoA → NADH, FADH2, GTP

Beta-oxidation of fatty acids

Fatty acid, ATP → Acetyl CoA, FADH2, NADH

Aerobic conditions

Pyruvate oxidized into acetyl CoA

Anaerobic conditions

Pyruvate reduced into lactic acid

NADH

2.5 ATP

FADH2

1.5 ATP

Glucose

32 ATP

Fatty acid

8 + (#C/2 - 1)x14