Argumentation and Induction

These flashcards cover key concepts, definitions, and types of arguments from the lecture notes on argumentation and induction.

What is Induction?

Induction is a reasoning process that abstracts a general pattern from specific examples.

Kalamazoo Promise

A program that increased student enrollment and performance by promising free college tuition to all high-school graduates.

Components of Inductive Arguments

Inductive arguments begin with specific examples and assume these examples are representative of a general trend.

Assumption in Induction Arguments

The assumption is the belief that a specific example is representative of a larger group.

Statistical Arguments

A type of inductive argument that uses data from a poll or survey to support a general conclusion.

Qualifying Arguments

Acknowledging that general patterns do not always hold true, allowing for exceptions.

Analogy Arguments

Arguments that compare two things based on shared characteristics and suggest similar outcomes.

Points of Comparison in Analogies

Specific similarities that justify the comparison between two different concepts or items.

Definition Arguments

Arguments that define a term and influence how the audience perceives, feels, or acts regarding that term.

Criteria-based Definitions

Definitions that present all qualities a thing must have to be categorized in a certain way.

Sine Qua Non Definitions

Definitions asserting that one essential quality is the most important for categorizing something.

Causal Arguments

Arguments that claim a cause-and-effect relationship between two phenomena.

Refuting Causal Arguments

Challenging causal claims by presenting alternative explanations for observed correlations.

Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc

A fallacy that assumes causation based merely on the sequence of events.

Slippery Slope Arguments

Arguments asserting that one action will lead to a series of negative consequences.