Challenges and Promises in Jewish History

Main problem of the tribes of Israel

Their struggle to uphold their covenant with God and to live according to his commandments.

YHWH's promise to David

An eternal dynasty and kingdom, ensuring his lineage would have a ruler on the throne of Israel forever.

Destruction of the kingdoms of Israel and Judah

According to the Prophets, both the Kingdom of Israel and the Kingdom of Judah were destroyed due to their widespread and persistent idolatry, social injustice, and disobedience to God.

Challenge of the Exile to Jewish identity

The Exile presented a significant challenge to Jewish identity because it forced Jews to confront their relationship with God and their nationhood in a foreign land. The loss of the Temple and the disruption of traditional practices led to a reevaluation of religious and cultural practices, ultimately shaping Jewish identity in the diaspora.

Two main collections of Jewish writing

In the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh), Nevi'im (Prophets) and Ketuvim (Writings) are two of the three main sections, along with the Torah (Instruction). Nevi'im contains books of prophetic literature and historical narratives, while Ketuvim includes a collection of poetry, wisdom literature, and historical writings.

Definition of a Messiah in Judaism

In Judaism, a Messiah is a future Jewish king, a descendant of King David, who will usher in an era of peace and redemption. The primary expectation is that the Messiah will restore the Jewish people to the Land of Israel, rebuild the Third Temple, and bring about a time of universal peace and justice.

Conflict between Antiochus IV and Jewish subjects

The conflict between Antiochus IV and his Jewish subjects, particularly the Maccabean Revolt, stemmed from Antiochus's attempt to enforce Hellenization and suppress Jewish religious practices.