SBI3U Diversity Unit Test

Taxonomy

The science of naming organisms and assigning them into groups called taxa

Biosphere

The part of the earth inhabited by living organisms

Aristotle

An early scientist who categorized organisms according to their habitat such as water land and air dwellers

St Augustine

An early scientist who categorized organisms based on a human centered view such as useful harmful or superfluous

John Ray

A scientist who coined the term species for organisms similar in shape and structure that could reproduce with each other

Carl Linnaeus

Considered the father of taxonomy he invented the binomial nomenclature system

Binomial Nomenclature

A two word system of uniquely naming organisms according to their genus and species

Seven Levels of Classification

The traditional taxonomical ranks from broad to specific Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Dichotomous Key

A tool used to identify organisms by offering a series of choices each with two mutually exclusive options

Six Kingdoms

The major groups of life Archaea Bacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Prokaryote

A type of cell that does not have a nucleus or membrane bound organelles meaning before nucleus

Eukaryote

A type of cell that has a nucleus and membrane bound organelles meaning true nucleus

Archaea

A kingdom of prokaryotic unicellular organisms that often thrive in extreme conditions

Bacteria

A kingdom of prokaryotic unicellular organisms with diverse shapes and metabolisms

Fungi

A kingdom of eukaryotic organisms with cell walls made of chitin that absorb nutrients

Protists

A kingdom of eukaryotic organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular and are very diverse

Symbiosis

A close and long term biological interaction between two different biological organisms

Mutualism

A symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit

Commensalism

A symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

Parasitism

A symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other is harmed

Antibiotics

Medicines that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria

Antibiotic Resistance

The ability of bacteria to survive and reproduce despite exposure to an antibiotic

Virus

A microscopic infective agent that consists of nucleic acid in a protein coat and can only multiply within a host cell

Lytic Cycle

A viral reproductive cycle that results in the immediate lysis and death of the host cell

Lysogenic Cycle

A viral reproductive cycle where the viral DNA integrates into the host genome and replicates with it before entering the lytic cycle

Transcription

The process of making an RNA copy from a DNA sequence

Translation

The process of synthesizing a protein from an RNA message

Vascular Plants

Plants that have a system of tubes called xylem and phloem to transport water and nutrients

Non Vascular Plants

Plants that lack vascular tissue and are typically small and live in moist environments also called bryophytes

Gymnosperms

Seed producing vascular plants with naked seeds not enclosed in a fruit

Angiosperms

Seed producing vascular plants with seeds enclosed within a fruit

Monocotyledons

A group of angiosperms with one cotyledon parallel leaf veins and fibrous roots

Dicotyledons

A group of angiosperms with two cotyledons netlike leaf veins and a taproot

Gram Stain

A method of classifying bacteria based on differences in their cell wall structure

Gram Positive Bacteria

Bacteria with a thick peptidoglycan cell wall that stains purple in the Gram stain test

Gram Negative Bacteria

Bacteria with a thin peptidoglycan cell wall and an outer membrane that stains pink in the Gram stain test

Binary Fission

A form of asexual reproduction in bacteria where one cell divides into two genetically identical cells

Conjugation

A form of sexual reproduction in bacteria where genetic material is transferred through a pilus

Endospore

A dormant resistant structure formed by some bacteria for survival in unfavorable conditions

Hyphae

The fine filamentous threads that make up the body of a fungus

Mycelium

The mass of branching hyphae that forms the main body of a fungus

Capsid

The protein shell that surrounds the genetic material of a virus

Envelope

A lipid membrane that surrounds the capsid of some viruses derived from the host cell

Bacteriophage

A virus that infects bacteria

Reverse Transcriptase

An enzyme used by retroviruses to copy their RNA genome into DNA

Aquatic Plants

Plants that live in water such as green algae

Green Algae

Aquatic organisms that share chlorophyll a and b cellulose cell walls and starch storage with land plants

Adaptations for Land

Evolutionary changes needed for plants to live on land including protection from drying transport systems and support systems

Roots

Plant organs that anchor the plant and absorb water and minerals from the soil

Leaves

Plant organs that provide a large surface area for photosynthesis

Stems

Plant organs that provide support for leaves and contain vascular tissue

Vascular Tissue

A system of tubes made of xylem and phloem that transports water and nutrients in plants

Xylem

The vascular tissue that transports water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots

Phloem

The vascular tissue that transports sugars and other organic compounds throughout the plant

Tracheophytes

Another name for vascular plants

Bryophytes

Non vascular plants such as mosses liverworts and hornworts

Seedless Vascular Plants

Vascular plants like ferns that reproduce using spores instead of seeds

Seed Producing Plants

Vascular plants that reproduce by forming seeds

Advantages of Seeds

Seeds provide food storage a protective coat dormancy and allow reproduction without water

Gymnosperm Meaning

Means naked seed as seeds are exposed often on cones

Angiosperm Meaning

Means seed in a vessel as seeds are enclosed within a fruit

Cotyledon

A seed leaf that stores food for the developing plant embryo

Monocot

A flowering plant with one cotyledon parallel veins and fibrous roots

Dicot

A flowering plant with two cotyledons netlike veins and a taproot

Virus Classification by Shape

Viruses can be spherical cylindrical helical or polyhedral based on their shape

Spherical Virus

A virus with a round shape such as HIV

Cylindrical Helical Virus

A virus with a cylinder shape such as the Tobacco Mosaic Virus TMV

Polyhedral Virus

A virus with a many sided crystal like shape such as the polio virus

Virus Classification by Genetic Material

Viruses are categorized as DNA viruses or RNA viruses

Host Range

The specific type of cell or organism that a virus can infect

Natural Reservoir

An organism that carries a virus without being affected by it such as shellfish for cholera

Living Characteristics of Viruses

Viruses can reproduce mutate and contain genetic material

Nonliving Characteristics of Viruses

Viruses lack cellular structure metabolism and are dependent on host cells

Viral Genome

The genetic material of a virus which can be DNA or RNA single or double stranded

Nucleocapsid

A virus consisting only of a genome and a capsid with no envelope

Budding

The process where a virus obtains its envelope from the host cell membrane

Adsorption

The first step of viral infection where the virus attaches to the host cell surface

Penetration

The step in viral infection where the viral genome enters the host cell also called entry

Prophage

The viral DNA of a bacteriophage that is integrated into the host bacterium's chromosome

Provirus

The viral DNA that is integrated into the genome of a eukaryotic host cell

Lysis

The bursting of a host cell to release newly assembled viruses

Spontaneous Induction

The process where a prophage exits the host chromosome to begin the lytic cycle

Reverse Transcription

The process where retroviruses use an enzyme to copy their RNA genome into DNA

Extracellular Digestion

The process used by fungi where hyphae release enzymes to break down food outside the body before absorbing nutrients

Chitin

A tough polysaccharide that makes up the cell walls of fungi

Septum

The porous wall that divides fungal hyphae into cells allowing cytoplasm to flow

Ectosymbiosis

A symbiotic relationship where one organism lives on the surface of another

Endosymbiosis

A symbiotic relationship where one organism lives inside the tissues of another

Thermoacidophiles

A group of Archaea that thrive in extremely hot and acidic environments

Halophiles

A group of Archaea that thrive in very salty environments

Methanogens

A group of Archaea that live in oxygen free environments and produce methane gas

Peptidoglycan

A protein that makes up the cell wall of bacteria

Cocci

Spherical shaped bacteria

Bacilli

Rod shaped bacteria

Spirilli

Spiral shaped bacteria

Diplo

A prefix indicating bacteria arranged in pairs

Strepto

A prefix indicating bacteria arranged in chains

Staphylo

A prefix indicating bacteria arranged in clusters

Gram Stain Technique

A staining method developed by Hans Christian Gram to classify bacteria based on cell wall differences

Botulism

A disease caused by Clostridium botulinum bacteria leading to paralysis