MSU Architecture Final

Architecture rises to…

The needs of its users

Architecture is…

art

Solids and Voids

The relationship between solids and voids creates architectural space

Symmetry

Designing one side of a space to mirror the opposite

Asymmetry

Architectural elements that are unevenly spaced in size, shape, or positon

Visual Scale

The size of a building that appears to have relative to other elements of known or unknown size

Proportion

A quantified relationship among the parts of an element, as well as the relationship of that element to the whole

Golden Section

Le Corbusier’s Modulor

Massing

Composing three-dimensional shapes or volumes into a building design

Color

In relation to the architect and context

Acoustics

The branch of physics that deals with the production, control, transmission, reception, and effects of sound

Context

The built of natural environment that surrounds new buildings

Style

A particular or distinctive form of an artistic expression characteristic of a person, people, or period

Shed Roof

Slopes to one side

Gable Roof

Slopes to two sides

Hipped Roof

Sloping ends in sides that meet at a ridge

Pavillion Roof

Shaped like a pyramid, used to cover a square structure (used on almost every strip mall that has a clock tower)

Barrel Vault Roof

Semicircular roof (used first by Romans who built this from brick or stone)

Gambrel Roof

roof combines two different pitches below the ridge (widely used in American architecture in the 1700s as it creates more space on the top floor)

Mansard Roof

combines two different pitches below the ridge, more square than gambrel (named after French architect Francios Mansart, widely used in Paris architecture in the 17^th century)

Flat Roof

made popular by European architects of the 20^th century, widely used today, makes it possible to put a roof over a building that has a large floorplan (flat roofs are rarely actually flat – have a very low slope)

Rusticated Wall

made of stone that are typically rough and raised off of the all surface

Half-Timbered Wall

having timber framework with the spaces filled with masonry or plaster (nogging-infill material)

Clapboard Siding Wall

wood siding laid horizontally (commonly in the colonies in 17^th and 18^th centuries and still widely found today)

Board and Batten Siding

wood siding laid vertically consisting of wide boards and narrow battens (often associated with the Victorian and craftsman styles

Stucco Wall

a coarse plaster composed of cement, sand, and lime, mixed with water used to cover exterior walls. Very old technique, easy to achieve many different textured finishes. Real stucco does crack and finding craftsman that repair it are not common

Glass

made possible by manufacturing improvements in the late 19^th and early 20^th century. Except in the most technically sophisticated building, glass is not used in a structural way. Curtain wall – a nonstructural frame and glass cladding system

Masonry Wall

brick, stone, concrete block (veneer)

Concrete Wall

poured in place, pre-cast, popular in gothic structures

Lancet Window

decorative stone woetrefoil-cloverleaf shape with three foils

Palladian Window

a round headed window flanked by two smaller windows (named after Andrea Palladio)

Oxeye Window

comparatively small round/oval windows

Double Hung Window

a window having two vertically hung sashes, each in separate tracks

Dormer Window

vertical window in a projection built out on a sloping roof

Bay Window

a window projecting from the surface of the wall to allow light in from three sides

Oriel Window

bay window supported by brackets

Bow Window

curved bay window

Ribbon Window

Horizontal band of windows

Casement Window

 a window sash opening on hinges generally attached to the vertical side of the frame (think of a door)

Transom Window

a window above the transom of a doorway (above the door)

Clerestory Window

a portion of an interior rising above adjacent rooftops and having windows to admit daylight

Arched Doorway

associated with Romanesque

Pedimented Doorway

triangular shape

Venetian Doorway

a door opening with a semicircular window (fanlight) above and flanked by vertical windows (sidelights)

French Doorway

door having rectangular glass panes extending throughout its length, often hung in pairs

Sliding Doorway

door that operates or moves by sliding on a track

Building Type

an architectural form which has become accepted by society through repeated use, ex: skyscrapers, churches, cathedrals, data centers, bank, temple, castle, palace

3 Things Required For Architectural Project

Land (site, renovation vs new), Financing, Need

Building Program

a client’s list of practical requirements for a design project

Function

will the building be used for and who are the individuals using the building

Site

where will the building be put

Case Study

a study of existing architecture that is similar to the proposed new project

(site visits, photo log, scrap books)

Scale

what size are the people and/or things that are to be housed in the building

Scope, Quality, Budget

interact together to create the parameters of the building project. No one term can change without another one changing

Steps Required to Become a Licensed Architect

1.     5-year BARC, or 4+2 MARC, or 3+ year MARC

2.     Minimum 3-year internship (minimum weeks of exposure to various aspects of practice)

3.     Pass 6-part ARE 5.0 Exam

What does an architect provide to earn the fee?

Schematic design- 15% of fee

Design development- 25% of fee

Construction documents- 35% of fee

Construction phase- 20% of fee

Bidding and contract negotiation- 5% of fee

Orthographic Drawings

ortho + graphic = straight writing. Depict and require measurement in two dimensions: plan, section, and elevation.

Axonometric Drawings

axon + metron = axis measure. Depict and require measurement in three dimensions. Para line: parallel lines in the object and parallel to the drawing

Perspective Drawings

depicts and require measurement in three dimensions

Freedom Tower

Daniel Libeskind

Tallest Building in the World

Burj Kalifa

Post and Lintel Structures

a fundamental architectural method using vertical posts (columns) to support horizontal lintels (beams), creating openings and frameworks

Vertical Force on Architecture

Gravity

Dead Load

forces from all immovable objects

Live Load

forces from all movable objects

Static Load

applied slowly

Horizontal Forces on Architecture

wind, ground pressure, earthquake

Dynamic Load

applied load

Compression

capacity to resist being pushed together, ex: concrete, steel

Tension

capacity to resist pulling apart

Bending Stress

both tension and compression

Frame

·      trabeated,

o   wood, steel

o   tall buildings, light walls, thin walls

o   take veneers of brick, stone stucco, etc.

o   Sears Tower, designed by SOM

o   Curtain Wall- structural system behind glass

Masonry

o   Brick, concrete, stone

o   heavy thick walls

o   costly today

o   good insulation

Menhirs

single stone standing upright

Dolmen

Several stones supporting a horizontal stone slab

Henges

circular ditches around which some megalithic monuments are arranged

Cromlech

circle of stones

Stone Megaliths

Big rocks

Stonehenge

most famous neolithic monument oldest surviving structure around England

Step Pyramid

stacking stones up, built over long periods of time

Saqqara

Doser Step Pyramids

Bent Pyramid

Chiseling through rough stones

Straight Sided Pyramid

traces of gold, wanted it to be reflecting

Ziggurats

stepped structures, oldest pyramids, built by Sumerians (Iraq) mud bricks

Pyramids

·      Tombs for kings

·      Covered in reflective limestone – quarried/east bank

·      Gold veneer found at top

·      Thought king would walk on sunrays to eternity – if king lives forever, people do too

·      Sealed tomb, not public place

·      Represent the rays of the sun (Ra- sun god)

7 Wonders of the Ancient World

·      Great Pyramid of Giza

·      Hanging Gardens of Babylon

·      The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus (burned down)

·      The Statue of Zeus (burned down)

·      Mausoleum of Halicarnassus (damaged by earthquake – later pillaged for sculpture)

·      The Lighthouse of Alexandira (destroyed by earthquake)

·      The Colossus of Rhodes (destroyed by earthquake)

First Recorded Architect

Imhotep

The Lions Gate, Mycenae

·      Precursor to Greek architecture

·      14-ton stone with 2 lions

·      Columns same as Knossos

·      Link to Egyptian and Hittite culture

·      Sense of structure was an inheritance from Neolithic period (remember Stonehenge)

·      Lion element borrowed from Egypt – but now more organic

·      Post and Lintel

·      Greeks will refine post and lintel, triangular relief

·      Walls beyond narrow to allow defenders increased opportunities to repeal attackers

Doric Order

·      Simplest, oldest, most massive

·      Characterized as male

·      Columns placed close together, often no bases

·      Plain capitals

·      Entablatures have metopes and triglyphs

Metope

Any of the panels, either decorated or plain, between the triglyph

Triglyph

one of the vertical blocks separating the metopes

Ionic

·      Developed in Ionian Islands

·      Characterized as delicate order – female, contrasting with “male” Doric feature

·      Used for smaller buildings and interiors

·      Easily recognizable by Volutes on capital (based on nautilus shells or animal horns)

Corinthian

·      Variation of Ionic order

·      Same as ionic except a new type or capital

·      Capital is more ornate-acanthus leaves

·      Often found in interiors

·      Has a wider base compared to ionic

Temple of Hera

Doric

Temple of Artemis

Ionic, bigger than gothic cathedrals

Temple of Apollo

ionic

Temple of Athena Nike

Perfection of Ionic

Temple of Apollo Epikourios

Corinthian

Acropolis

·      Highest point in Athens

·      Irregular arrangement – arranged to take advantage of views, topography – not symmetrical