Motivation, Emotion, and Personality p2

What is the conscious level?

Current awareness

What is the preconscious level?

Available to awareness

What is the unconscious level?

Unavailable to awareness

What is the id?

Hidden true animalistic wants and desires

What is the superego?

Moral conscious

What is the ego?

Reality principle, mediates between id and superego

What are defense mechanisms?

Unconscious coping mechanisms

What is repression?

Pushing memories back into the unconscious mind

What is projection?

Attributing personal shortcomings to others

What is denial?

Refusing to acknowledge reality

What is displacement?

Taking feelings out on something else

What is reaction formation?

Transforming unacceptable motive into its opposite

What is regression?

Going into an earlier development period in the face of stress

What is rationalization?

Replacing a less acceptable reasoning with a more acceptable one

What is sublimation?

Replacing unacceptable impulse with a socially acceptable one

What is the oral stage?

Focuses on the mouth (0-18 months)

What is the anal stage?

Involves eliminative functions (18-36 months)

What is the phallic stage?

Focuses on genitals (3-6 years)

What is the pleasure principle?

All about rewards and avoiding pain

What is the reality principle?

Has to deal with society, mediates between id and superego

What is the Oedipal complex?

Young boys identify with their father out of fear of retribution.

What is the Electra complex?

Young girls identify with their mother because they cannot with their father.

What is the Latency stage?

Psychic time out - personality is set.

What is the Genital State?

Sexual reawakening - oedipal and electra "feelings" are repressed, turn sexual wants onto an appropriate person.

What is fixation?

Can become "stuck" in an earlier stage - influences personality.

What is wrong with Freud's theory?

Unverifiable, descriptive not predictive.

What is good about Freud's theory?

First theory about personality, sparked psychoanalysis.

What is free association?

Say aloud everything that comes to mind without hesitation.

What is transference?

Looks for feelings to be transferred to psychoanalyst.

What is dream interpretation?

Analyze the manifest (seen message) and latent (hidden messages) content.

What are projective tests?

Ambiguous stimuli shown to look at your unconscious motives.

What is the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?

Tell a story about a picture.

What is the Rorschach inkblot test?

Show an inkblot.

Who is Carl Jung?

Believed in the collective unconscious.

Who is Karen Horney?

Said personality develops in context of social relationships, not sexual urges.

Who is Alfred Adler?

Coined "inferiority complex" and argued a social nature.

What are traits?

Enduring personality characteristics.

Are traits stable?

Yes.

Can people be described by traits?

Yes.

What is factor analysis?

Statistical procedure to identify similar components

What are the Big Five traits?

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism

What is the opposite of extraversion?

Introversion

What is the role of situation in trait theory?

Ignored

What are the limitations of personality inventories?

Long, social desirability bias, too broad

What is the humanistic perspective?

Emphasizes personal growth and free will

What is self-concept?

Idea of who we are

What is the actual self?

What others see

What is the ideal self?

Who you want to be

What is the impact of positive self-concept?

Perceive world positively

What is the impact of negative self-concept?

Feel dissatisfied and unhappy

What is the criticism of humanistic theory?

Too optimistic, abstract concepts

What is the benefit of humanistic theory?

Emphasizes conscious experiences and change

What are individualistic cultures?

Prioritize own goals over group goals

What are collectivistic cultures?

Prioritize group goals over own goals

What is the social-cognitive perspective?

Interaction between person and environment

What is reciprocal determinism?

Interaction between person, behavior, and environment

What is self-efficacy?

Belief in one's ability to succeed

What is locus of control?

Belief in control over life events

What is behavior?

Complex interaction of inner process and environmental influence

What does behavior influence?

Personality

What does social-cognitive theory emphasize?

Conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals

Who introduced reciprocal determinism?

Bandura

What is internal locus of control?

You control your own fate

What is external locus of control?

Chance/outside forces control your fate

What is the downside of social-cognitive theory?

Too specific, cannot generalize

What is the upside of social-cognitive theory?

Highlights situations and cognitive explanations

How is social-cognitive theory tested?

Observations and interviews