History American People| First Unit Exercise Multiple Choice Section & Essay

Cahokia

The largest city in North America around 1050, with a population of 20,000-30,000, known for its complex society.

Mourning Wars

Natives had raids to acquire captives and replenish their own population

Gift Giving

A practice; gifts signified goodwill and power; trade linked to alliances and peace.

The Three Sisters

Beans, maize, and squash provide all nine essential amino acids for survival.

Bartolome de Las Casas

A Spanish friar and missionary who advocated for the rights of the Indigenous peoples in the Americas, opposing their enslavement and calling for their fair treatment.

Samuel de Champlain

A French explorer known as the "Father of New France" who founded Quebec City in 1608 and helped establish fur trade relations with Native American tribes.

The Jesusits

The best-trained people in Europe. These people prize information, language, and knowledge. They use this to convert natives to Christianity.

The middle ground

A term used to describe the area of cultural exchange and negotiation between Native Americans and European settlers.

Great peace of Montreal (1701)

The Iraqous and the French recognized the war's counterproductivity and signed the Great Peace of Montreal in 1701. This treaty marked a turning point, fostering stability, trade, and diplomacy in the region.

The Maryland Act of Toleration

The law that mandated religious tolerance for Trinitarian Christians in the Maryland colony. It offered protection for Catholics and affirmed freedom of worship.

What was Bartolomé de Las Casas' contribution to understanding Spanish-Native interactions?

He published 'A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies' in 1542, detailing the brutal treatment of Natives by Spaniards.

Jamestown, Virginia Company, & Joint Stock Company: When and where was it founded? What type of colony was it?

Founded in 1607 by the Virginia Company as the first permanent English settlement in America. It was established as a royal colony.

The Starving Time: Why did it suffer in its first years?

Settlers faced extreme food shortages, leading to starvation and death due to poor food supply and harsh conditions.

John Smith & He Who Shall Not Work, Shall Not Eat: Who attempted to fix the colony & how?

English soldier and explorer, implemented a policy that required all settlers to contribute to the colony's welfare by working, thereby improving food production and cooperation among colonists.

Headright System & Indentured Servants: How did Jamestown survive?

Provide land settlement by granting land to settlers, while indentured servants provided labor in exchange for passage to America, helping to bolster the colony's population and economy.

John Rolfe & Tobacco: How did Jamestown prosper? What issues did this create?

Introduced tobacco cultivation to Jamestown, which became a cash crop that significantly boosted the colony's economy. However, this created reliance on single-crop agriculture and increased the demand for labor, eventually leading to greater use of indentured servitude and slavery.

Anglo-Powhatan Wars: What conflicts erupted between the colonists and local Native tribes and what were their impact?

Series of conflicts between English colonists in Virginia and the Powhatan Confederacy. It led to significant territorial losses for Native tribes and increased tensions and hostilities between the two groups.

Bacon’s Rebellion: Why did Virginia transition from indentured servants to enslaved Africans and what were the effects?

A revolt against Governor William Berkeley's administration, fueled by grievances over colonial policies and land disputes with Native Americans. The rebellion highlighted the tensions between colonists and Indigenous peoples, leading to a shift towards slave labor as a more permanent labor solution.

Puritans & Separatists: Who emigrated to New England and what were their beliefs? How did their beliefs shape their society?

Puritans sought to purify the Church of England, while Separatists wanted to establish independent congregations. Their beliefs emphasized strict religious discipline and a strong community, significantly influencing New England's social and political structures.

Plymouth, The Starving Time, & Squanto: How did Plymouth suffer and how did Native aid help them survive?

Plymouth suffered greatly during the harsh winter of 1620-1621, known as The Starving Time, which resulted in the deaths of nearly half of its settlers. Native aid, particularly from Squanto, who taught the colonists essential farming techniques and helped establish trade relations, was crucial for their survival and eventual success.

Thomas Morton & Ma Ra Mount: Were their alternative possibilities to conflict with the natives? Show an example. Why do we describe New England as a “biblical commonwealth”?

His approach contrasted sharply with Puritan beliefs, showcasing a different perspective on colonial-native relations in the context of New England as a society founded on religious principles.

Roger Williams & Anne Hutchinson: Who were the dissenters and why did they dissent to this theological government?

Williams promoted the separation of church and state, while Hutchinson questioned the role of clergy, both advocating for religious freedom and individual interpretation of the Bible.

The Pequots & the Mystic River Massacre: When and why did Puritan New Englanders come into conflict with their native neighbors?

The Pequot War, which occurred in 1636-1638, stemmed from land disputes and competition over trade. The Mystic River Massacre in 1637 was a pivotal event where Puritan forces attacked the Pequot fort, resulting in significant death and displacement of the Pequot people.

The Quakers & Pennsylvania: Who settled in Penn’s Woods, why, and how were they different from other protestant sects?

Known as the Religious Society of Friends, settled in Pennsylvania, seeking religious freedom and the practice of egalitarian principles. Unlike other Protestant sects, they emphasized inner light, peace, and nonviolence, advocating for fair treatment of Native Americans and opposing slavery.

New Netherland & New Amsterdam: What was life like in the Dutch colony compared to other colonies? What freedoms or liberties did they enjoy that other colonies did not?

Characterized by a diverse population and relative religious tolerance. Unlike the Puritan colonies, it allowed for a mix of cultures and freedoms, including trade opportunities and a degree of self-governance.