IM LAB

plasma

liquid portion of blood that holds blood cells in suspension. It makes up about 55% of total blood volume.

Fluid (90-92%):

Solutes (8-10%):

plasma fluid

Primarily Water. It acts as a solvent for transporting materials and helps maintain body temperature and blood pressure.

plasma solutes

Proteins: Albumin (osmotic pressure), Globulins (antibodies/transport), and Fibrinogen (clotting).

Electrolytes: Sodium, Potassium, and Calcium (vital for cell function).

Nutrients/Wastes: Glucose, amino acids, lipids, and metabolic waste like urea.

Gases: Dissolved Oxygen (O_2) and Carbon Dioxide (CO_2).

formed elements

erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

RBC, WBC, platelets

what makes up the buffy coat

leukocytes and platelets

Whole blood characteristics

1. Volume = about 4-6 liters (L)

2. pH = about 7.4- slightly alkaline

3. Color = oxygenated - bright red; deoxygenated - dark red

4. temp = 38 c

Hematocrit

percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells

erythrocytes

made from red bone marrow

almost all hemoglobin

donut shape

shape of erythrocytes

each subunit can bind to O2 molecules

every RBC can hold 1 billion O2 molecules

each subunit --> 250 mil

how does erythrocytes make energy

makes glucose through binding O2 molecules

Hemoglobin A1C tests glucose within 90 days

leukocytes

white blood cells (true cells)

types of leukocytes

granulocytes and agranulocytes

leukocytosis

increase in the number of white blood cells

average number of leukocytes

- 5,000-10,000 cmm of blood

- increases indicated bacterial infection

- decreases indicates viral infection

granulocytes

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Neutrophils make up __________% of WBCs.

50-60%

function of neutrophils

phagocytize bacteria

neutrophil shape

multilobed nucleus

Eosinophils make up _____% of WBCs

5%

function of eosinophils

phagocyte for parasites

eosinophil shape

bilobed nucleus, red cytoplasmic granules

Basophils make up _____% of WBCs

1%

function of basophils

release histamine

basophil shape

bilobed nucleus, purplish-black cytoplasmic granules

Agranulocytes

lymphocytes and monocytes

lymphocytes make up ___?

25-30%

lymphocyte function

B and T cells (immune response)

lymphocyte shape

large nucleus

monocytes make up how much

10%

function of monocytes

phagocytosis; develop into macrophages in tissues

monocytes shape

Spherical, kidney-shaped, oval or lobed nuclei

Platelets function

blood clotting- occurs in plasma when blood vessels are ruptured/injured

leukemia

type of cancer involving WBC

impaired bone marrow function

lymphocytic leukemia

over production of faulty WBC

chronic; adults

acute; children

infectious mononucleosis

an infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) that is characterized by fever, a sore throat, and enlarged lymph nodes

increased numbers of lymphocytes and monocytes

increased number of mishappened WBC

how are platelets formed

by fragmentation of megakaryocytes

so big they cant get through bone marrow so they break up.

leukopenia

Abnormally low white blood cell count due to pharmacological threapies (cancer drugs)

iron deficient anemia

condition in which the body does not have enough red blood cells due to lack of iron, which is a mineral essential for hemoglobin production

lymphatic tissue

a specialized type of reticular connective tissue containing large numbers of lymphocytes

lymphatic organs

tonsils, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, MALT, GALT

functions of lymph organs

1. filter

2. monitor/destroy

3. Seed bed- germinal centers

peyers patches

large collections of lymphoid tissue found in the submucosa of the small intestine

appendix

A small, fingerlike extension of the vertebrate cecum; contains a mass of white blood cells that contribute to immunity.

tonsils function

filters throat area, epithelial tissue over tonsils, tonsillar crypts (trap/destroy bacteria & particulate matter)

pharyngeal tonsil

also called adenoids; located in posterior wall of nasopharynx

palatine tonsils

lingual tonsils

lymph node

e

lymph node medulla

cortex of lymph node

germinal centers of lymph node

contain rapidly dividing B cells

spleen function

the largest lymphatic organ in the body; serves as a blood reservoir, disintegrates old red blood cells, and produces lymphocytes and plasmids

spleen

B

spleen microscope

white pulp of spleen

WBC

red pulp of spleen

RBC

vermiform appendix layers

1. mucosa

2. sub mucosa

3. muscularis externa

4. serosa

appendix mucoas type

simple columnar

appendix sub mucosa type

lymphatic tissue 2

appendix muscularis externa type

smooth muscle

appendix serosa type

fibrous

thymus gland

located in the mediastinal cavity anterior to and above the heart; secretes thymosin

red bone marrow function

produce red blood cells

lacteals function

Absorb digested fat and deliver chyle to the blood

small intestine

nasal cavity

hollow space behind the nose

paranasal sinuses

frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary

frontal sinus

frontal bone

ethmoid sinus

Nasal Sinus located between the nose and the orbits.

sphenoid sinus

air-filled space located within the sphenoid bone; most posterior of the paranasal sinuses

maxillary sinus

sinus on either side of the nasal cavity below the eyes

respiratory muscosa

- mucosa lines the conducting portion of the respiratory system

- cilia resembles a shag carpet "sweeping" mucus across the epithelial surface

- debris or pathogens are trapped by the mucus and swept towards the pharynx

- swallowed and exposed to acids and enzymes of the stomach

PSCC

nasopharynx

part of the pharynx directly behind the nasal passages

PSCC

1

oropharynx

stratified squamous epithelium

2

laryngopharynx

the third division of the pharynx, is shared by both the respiratory and digestive systems

3

auditory canals

Outside of the ear that you see, captures sound as sound waves go through

thyroid cartilage

The wing-shaped plate of cartilage that sits anterior to the larynx and forms the Adam's apple.

hyoid bone

U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue that supports the tongue and its muscles.

epiglottis

a flap of cartilage at the root of the tongue, which is depressed during swallowing to cover the opening of the windpipe.

vocal folds

Mucosal folds that function in voice production (speech); also called the true vocal cords.

vestibular folds

(false vocal cords)

Superior to vocal folds

No part in sound production

Help to close glottis during swallowing

glottis

Opening between vocal cords

cricoid cartilage

the ring-shaped structure that forms the lower portion of the larynx

laryngeal prominence

Adam's apple

superior nasal conchae

middle nasal conchae

inferior nasal conchae

function of nasal conchae

lined with mucosa

humidifies, warms, filters air

larynx

voice box; passageway for air moving from pharynx to trachea; contains vocal cords

soft palate

a muscular flap that closes off the nasopharynx during swallowing or speaking

uvala

trachea

Allows air to pass to and from lungs

conducts air

cartlingeous c shaped rings

bronchial tree

branched airways that lead from the trachea to the microscopic air sacs called alveoli

terminal bronchioles

smaller than 0.5 millimeter and these mark the end of the conducting zone

aveolar duct

Smallest of Bronchi

Flat

Made of simple squamous epithelium.

Walls entirely made of alveoli.

Lead to terminal clusters called alveolar sacs.

alevoli

tiny air sacs at the end of each bronchiole. surrounded by a capillary network

smokers lung

Inflammed, narrowed airways, destroyed alveolar walls.

High airways resistance, and high alveolar compliance

pleural membranes

double-layered serous membrane surrounding each lung

plural cavity

part of the thoracic cavity that holds the lungs

rhinitis

inflammation of the nasal mucosa

sinusitis

inflammation of the sinuses