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Presente (Present Tense)
Usage: Actions happening now or general truths.
Form: Stem + present endings.
-ar: o, as, a, amos, áis, an
-er: o, es, e, emos, éis, en
-ir: o, es, e, imos, ís, en
Examples:
Yo hablo español. (I speak)
Ellos comen pizza. (They eat)
Nosotros vivimos en Madrid. (We live)
Pretérito (Preterite)
Usage: Completed past actions with a definite beginning/end.
Form: Stem + preterite endings.
-ar: é, aste, ó, amos, asteis, aron
-er/-ir: í, iste, ió, imos, isteis, ieron
Examples:
Ayer hice mi tarea. (I did my homework yesterday)
Ellos fueron al cine. (They went to the movies)
Imperfecto (Imperfect)
Usage: Ongoing/repeated past actions, descriptions, “used to,” “was/were -ing.”
Form: Stem + imperfect endings.
-ar: aba, abas, aba, ábamos, abais, aban
-er/-ir: ía, ías, ía, íamos, íais, ían
Examples:
Yo hablaba con mi abuela. (I used to talk)
Ellos comían cada día. (They used to eat)
Presente Perfecto (Present Perfect)
Usage: Actions that have happened recently or still affect the present.
Form: haber (present) + past participle
he, has, ha, hemos, habéis, han
Examples:
He hablado con el profesor. (I have spoken)
Ellos han comido mucho hoy. (They have eaten)
Pluscuamperfecto (Past Perfect)
Usage: Actions that had happened before another past action.
Form: haber (imperfect) + past participle
había, habías, había, habíamos, habíais, habían
Examples:
Ya había hecho mi tarea. (I had done my homework)
Ella había dicho la verdad. (She had told the truth)
Futuro (Future)
Usage: Actions that will happen.
Form: Infinitive + future endings.
é, ás, á, emos, éis, án
Examples:
Yo hablaré mañana. (I will speak)
Ellos tendrán éxito. (They will have success)
Futuro Perfecto (Future Perfect)
Usage: Actions that will have happened by a certain point.
Form: haber (future) + past participle
habré, habrás, habrá, habremos, habréis, habrán
Examples:
Para el lunes, habré terminado. (By Monday, I will have finished)
Ellos habrán dicho todo. (They will have said everything)
Condicional (Conditional)
Usage: Hypotheticals, “would” actions.
Form: Infinitive + conditional endings.
ía, ías, ía, íamos, íais, ían
Examples:
Yo hablaría si tuviera tiempo. (I would speak)
Ellos comerían más, pero no hay comida. (They would eat)
Condicional Perfecto (Conditional Perfect)
Usage: Actions that would have happened but didn’t.
Form: haber (conditional) + past participle
habría, habrías, habría, habríamos, habríais, habrían
Examples:
Yo habría estudiado más. (I would have studied)
Ellos habrían ido contigo. (They would have gone)
Subjuntivo (Present Subjunctive)
Usage: Doubts, wishes, emotions, recommendations, uncertainty.
Form: Start with yo form (present) → drop the “-o” → add opposite endings.
-ar → e, es, e, emos, éis, en
-er/-ir → a, as, a, amos, áis, an
Examples:
Espero que hables conmigo. (I hope you speak)
Dudo que ellos coman tanto. (I doubt they eat that much)