Unit 3 Bio

First Law of Thermodynamics

Energy can be transferred/transformed but not created/destroyed. Total energy of universe is constant

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Energy transfer/transform will increase or decrease the universe’s entropy

open system

energy and mass can be exchanged

closed system

only energy can be exchanged

isolated system

nothing can be exchanged

What doesn’t change regardless of whether you added an enzyme or not?

net change of free energy / ∆G of the process

substrate lvl phosphorylation

x-P + ADP → x + ATP

enzyme for substrate lvl phosphorylation

kinase

inputs of glycolysis

glucose, ADP, Pi, NAD+

outputs of glycolysis

pyruvate, ATP, NADH

Phosphofructokinase

key regulatory enzyme in step 3 of glycolysis, needs Mg²⁺, induced by high levels of ADP/AMP, inhibited by high levels of ATP/Citrite

DNA replication using the high energy deoxy nucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) as the monomers is a/an _______________________ reaction

exergonic

______ can occur with and without oxygen

glycolysis

When one consumes excess amounts of carbohydrates, they gain weight and store excess energy as fat. Conversion of carbohydrates to fat will involve the intermediate _________.

acetyl CoA

inputs for acetyl CoA formation

pyruvate, CoA, NAD⁺

Outputs of acetyl CoA formation

CO₂, NADH, Acetyl CoA

Enzyme for Acetyl CoA Formation

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

Inputs for Krebs Cycle

Acetyl CoA, 3 NAD⁺, ADP, Pi, FAD, 2 H₂O

Outputs for Krebs Cycle

CoA, 2 CO₂, 3 NADH, ATP, FADH₂, 3 H⁺

Key Regulatory Steps in Krebs Cycle

Citrate Synthesis (performed by Citrate Synthase) and Isocitrate Dehydration (performed by Isocitrate Dehydrogenase)

Inputs of Oxidative Phosphorylation

ADP, Pi, FADH₂, O₂, NADH

Outputs of Oxidative Phosphorylation

ATP, FAD⁺, H₂O, NAD⁺

All Fermentation produces

2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvates

Alcohol Fermentation specifically produces

CO₂ and Ethanol (alcohol)

Lactic Acid Fermentation specifically produces

Lactate

Anabolism

Synthesis

Catabolism

breaking down

_____ activate enzymes by accepting or donating electrons

cofactors

examples of Cofactors

zn, fe, cu, coenzyme A, NAD⁺, FAD, NADP⁺

Photophosphorylation

electron transfer through series of thylakoid membrane proteins

Protons are found in the ________ while electrons are found in _____ during photosphorylation

thylakoid space; stroma

During photophosphorylation, the pH of the thylakoid interior will be _______________

lower than the pH of stroma since protons move into the thylakoid space

The electrons lost by PS I is replaced by the electrons coming from PS II. The electrons lost by PSII are replaced by the electrons coming from the ____________________________.

splitting of water in the non-cyclic photophosphorylation

oxidizing agent

gain electrons and gains potential energy

Where does glycolysis occur ?

cytosol

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is released during

acetyl CoA formation and the krebs cycle

_____ donates electrons directly to the electron transport chain at the highest energy level

NADH

What is the source of the energy used to generate the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane?

redox reactions in the electron transport chain

Lack of oxygen will stop glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle come to a grinding halt because, __________ is not regenerated.

NAD+

How many ATP are produced during cellular respiration?

Glycolysis - 2 ATP.

Pyruvate Oxidation/Citric acid cycle - 2 ATP.

Electron Transport Chain - 26 to 28 ATP.

TOTAL - 30 - 32 ATP

Calvin cycle takes place in

the stroma of chloroplast

What direction does protons flow in during chemiosmosis in chloroplasts?

from thylakoid space to stroma

Reduction in amount of NADP+ in plant cells leads to?

decrease in rate of linear electron flow

Flask containing photosynthetic green algae and a control flask containing water and no algae are both placed under lights, set to cycle between 12 hours of light and 12 hours of darkness. The dissolved oxygen concentration in both flasks are monitored. Predict the relative concentrations in the flask containing algae compared to the control flask.

higher in light but lower in the dark

primary function of calvin cycle is

producing simple sugars from CO₂

key regulatory enzyme in synthesis of fats

acetyl CoA carboxylase

Key intermediate in phospholipid biosynthesis

phosphotidic acid

We may consume all unsaturated fatty acids but we can make saturated fatty acids because we have fatty acid _____

saturase

PS I reduces _____ to ______ in non-cyclic photophosphorylation

NADP+ to NADPH

PS II splits _____ in non-cyclic photophosphorylation

water

Inputs of Non-Cyclic Photophosphorylation

light, H₂O, NADP⁺, ADP, Pi

Outputs of Non-Cyclic Photophosphorylation

O₂, NADPH, ATP

Inputs for Cyclic Photophosphorylation

Light, ADP, Pi

Outputs for Cyclic Photophosphorylation

ATP

inputs of light reactions

light, h₂o, ADP, Pi, NADP⁺

outputs of light reactions

2 H⁺, ½ O₂, NADPH, ATP

calvin cycle is ______ and _______

reduction and endergonic

inputs of calvin cycle

CO₂, ATP, NADPH

Outputs of calvin cycle

ADP, Pi, NADP⁺, H⁺, Glucose

Key Regulatory Enzyme of Calvin Cycle

RuBisCo

What is the main process of fat break down to generate acetyl CoA?

beta oxidation