Absolutism Test

hiiii

crises and wars

competeition because of colonialism

religious wars as a result of the reformation

• netherlands and spain- protestant dutch against catholic spain

• spain and england- spanish catholics and english protestants

• french civil war- catholics and protestants

• england civil war- protestant puritans and protestant anglicans

• 30 yrs war- began as religious conflict but evolved into a political struggle among European powers

because of wars- monarchs will gain more pwr

response of crises

1. absolutism

   1. no freedom of speech

   2. people cant vote

   3. monarchs have the power to make laws, levy taxes, justice, etc

   4. Kings have the divine right from God to rule

      1. no one challenges them

   5. spain, austria, russia, prussia, and Frnace

2. Limited monarchy

   1. prevents monarch from ruling without consent of people

   2. associated with England because magna carta

Spain

first modern European power

united by catholic marriage between Ferdinand and Isabella (completed Reconquista-to united familial kingdoms)

• turned it into a catholic country

• expelled muslims and jews

• conquest to americas

saw itself as the nation to save the world from protestant heretics and save Catholicism (started wars between protestant cultures like dutch and england)

Charles V

holy roman emperor

king of Spain, emperor of hapsburg empire (catholic)

• controlled spain, parts of italy, low counties, parts of austria, some german states, and new spain

ruled during spanish exploraion and reformation

• outlaws Luther, fails to make western europe catholic

became a monk

how displayed absolutism? outlaws Luther w/o a trial, wage war w/ peasants

Philip II

after Charles (his son)

marries to Mary Tudor (bloody mary)

absolutism and divine right

will see himsef as the gaurdian of the whole catholic Church

• will wage 2 wars to try and defend the church

extended spanish power with marriage, war w/ netherlands and england, and the wealth from the colonies

• the war w/ nethrlands and england: Netherlands controlled by spain but England helped with the fight against spain (catholic versus protestant)

• spain attacked with the armada but failed

spanish power declines because the successors will not be as strong and financial issues due to armada

how was he an absolute ruler?- forced people into the army to fight, put the country into decline

Armada

a bunch of ships were sent from spain to england to stop elizabeth, make them catholic, and take the netherlands (Philip II thinks this is gods will)

Philip II thinks he would win because god was on his side

Spain actually looses how?

• spanish ships were less manuverable in the english channel than the english ships were

• the fire ships

• england knew their territory better

• there was a big storm that would sink all the spanish ships once spain was pushed out of the channel because of the fire ships

France (before the revolution)

religiously divided

• catholics (majority) and Huguenot (nobel protestants in france/ well organized minority)

2 families fighting for power (valois- catholic and Bourbon-Huguenot)

decide to marry to join power

• leads to the Bartholomew’s day massacre

  • the two families got mad at eachother and the mother of the bride (de midici) tired to assassinate the Huguenot

    • leads to a huge massacre around the country

developed absolute monarchy after Henry IV

Henry of Navarre (Henry IV)

tasked with bringing peace

• first bourbon monarch

• puts an end to religious divide through an edict of Nantes

• Hguenot but converts to catholicism

  • he knows that most people will only see him as a leader if he is catholic

• led the war for absolutism in Frnace

• well liked but assisinated by a fantical catholic (Francois Ravaillac) who didnt like religious tolerance

Edict of Nantes

allowed for religious tolerance

catholicism is the official religion but protestants can practice freely

Francois Ravaillac

catholic

assasinated Henry IV because he didnt like relgious tolerance

Louis XIII

french monarch after Henry IV (his dad)

came to power at 9 so his advisor Cardinal Richelieu ruled

had a mental disorder so Cardinal continues to rule

Cardinal Richelieu

Louis XIII’s advisor

continued to rule, even after Louis got older, as he had a mental disorder

• ruthless

• wanted to contralize power and increase frnace’s international power

  • supress nobel (huguenot) power

  • increase church power

  • makes a network of spies

• disliked by the french people

• made france a great power in europe

Louis XIV (14)

after Louis 13/Cardinal Richelieu

ruled for 72 years (longest rule)

came to power at 5 so Jules Mazarin advised

had to go into hiding due to a civil disorder in france

• traumatized by this experience, which affected how he would rule

After Mazarin dies, he ruled for himself

• absolute monarch and ruled for 72 years

  • divine right

• “I am the State”

• never called estates general because he didnt want to give the people a voice and only he has the divine right to rule

• referred to himself as the “sun” king because he thought the sun revolved around him (egotistical)

• persecuted Huguenots and takes back th edict of Milan

  • 200,000 people left france which led to the loss of skills and money

• Built palace of Versailles

  • spent VERY lavishly (parties, outfits, wars, etc)

Jules Mazarin

Louis XIV’s advisor

main goal was to centralize power

disliked by the people

how did Louis XIV pay for Versailles?

Jean Baptiste Colbert became his finance minister

• developed France’s economy

• improved taxes, built infrastructure, and implemented tariffs

• yet, france still list money

this would lead to lost colonies, and bankruptcies

Palace of Versailles

reflected Louis XIV’s unlimited power and need for control

all the nobel’s lived here so the king could spy on them

• gave the useless jobs so they didnt have time to rebel

smelled really bad because of no plumbing

had a zoo (no cats)

Louis XVI overall sucesses and failures

successes:

• long rule

• built up french military (costly)

• started trands in art, literature, clothing, developing french culture

failures:

• 4 costly wars

  • other european nations teamed up against him to keep a balance of power in europe

• persecuted Huguenots

• revoked edict of nantes

  • economic consequences people skills and people to tax fled

  • overall, left france bankrupt

the 30 years war

last religious war

north protestant versus south catholic

Hapsberg family ruled roman empire and austira (wanted to spread catholicism)

sweden, denmark, and prussia will help AGAINST roman empire

roman empire calls upon spain (catholic) for help

France HELPS sweden, denmakr, and prussia AGAINST roman empire

• why? to oppress austria and defeat spain (increase power)

ends with the peace of Westphalia and france winning

• will make france the #1 empire in europe (better than spain now)

• gained territory from spain and germany

roman empire will collapse and hapsberg terriotties will become german city states (360 of them)

peace of westphalia

a series of treaties that settled international problems and ended the 30 yrs war

austria

catholic, german-speaking

ruled by Hapsburg family

• related to the monarchs on spain and reance

hard to unite because of its size and very diverse culture (language, law, customs)

• will become an absolute monarchy

rivals will prussia

Empress Maria Theresa (charles VI daughter who he order’s to rule with the pragmatic sanction)

• first woman to lead

• orders and rule was ignored

• Prussia invades so she calls for war

  • she got hungarian people to help austria through a dramatic plea

  • war is lost (silica was lost) but Austria preserved its empire so she is still a strong ruler

• turns Austria into a absolute monarchy

  • limited power of nobles and clergy by forcing them to pay taxes

pragmatic sanction

Charles VI’s order to have his daughter rule austria

Prussia

protestant german speaking

rivals with austria (took silesca)

ruled by Hohenzollern family

• united some german states after westphalia

• reduced power of nobels (junkers) but gained their loyalty

after 7 yrs war, it was the strongest military power in europe

absolute monarchy under fredrick I and fredrick II

military POWERHOUSE

won silica from austria and won 7 yrs war

7 yrs war

prussia and england (protestant) versus austria, russia and france

all about maintaining the balance of power (stopping one naton from overtaking europe)

Frederick Willian I

prussia’s ruler after 30 yrs war

gained junker (nobles) loyalty by giving them positions of power in the government but reducing nobel’s control

Frederick the Great (II)

Frederick I son

preferred poetry but his father forced him to be a leader by forcing him to watch his best friend be beheaded

now boldly uses his army (seized Silesia in war of Austrian succession in 7 yrs war

turned prussia into a very powerful nation

Russia (before romanov)

a mix of Rus, Slavic, and Norse

influenced by byzantine

Mongols in control and isolated them from western Europe (no renaissance)

turned into an absolute monarchy by taking power from church and boyars (russian nobels)

Ivan IV (terrible) ruled

Ivan IV the terrible

• first to be called Czar (king)

• married to anastasia romanov

• created zemsky Sobor

• expanded russia

• wife was assisinated

  • started the “bad period”

  • used fear to control the people

  • created a secrte police (oprichniki) to punish all opposition

    • would take down villiages if they though there was any bad talk about him

• may have been mentally ill because of the use of mercury as medicine

• killed his own son accidentally, so he had no heir

• death led to the time of troubles (no sucession)

Zemsky Sobor

council of merchants and nobels created by Ivan the terrible to advise him falsely represented the people

Oprichniki

Ivan IV secret police to punish those who opposed him (cruel)

Russia (romanov family and beyond)

romanov family comes into power through election by the Zemsky Sobor after time of troubles

ruled with absolutism (so Zemsky Sobor died out)

made serfdom (already died out in europe)

• isolated russia from western europe because they saw them as different

Peter the Great ruled

Catherine the Great ruled

Peter the Great

first emperor in russia

10 yrs old when inherited power in russia

hald sister ruled for him and them he and his half brother ruled after (when he was 17)

goal: modernize and westernize russia

• went to western euopre to learn about it

  • hires people to go back to russia and teach euroe’s ways to the people

  • sees how much more advanced europe is to russia

    • terrifies him

Successes: expanded russia, new tech and info, more rights for women, moderizes russia

failures: serfdom, looses Russian culture, used absolutism, ruthless

how Peter the great westernized russia

1. domestic policy

   1. built modern army and navy

   2. forced boyars to adopt european style of clothing and hair

   3. newspaper, schools fo boys, a calendar, bridges and roads

   4. helped women because now they could be unveiled and have a more public life

   5. oppose reforms → die

2. foreign policy

   1. getting a “window to the west”

   2. fights sweden to build a port in the balic sea

      1. cant build one north because its iced over

   3. builds a western style city of St. Petersburg

Catherine the Great

after peter the great (russia)

married Czar Peter III

• horrible marriage, he was mentally and physically abusive, so she ALLEGEDGLY orders his death

self-taught herself many skills

became Czarina through strategic relationships with nobles which legitimizes herself to rule

like peter the great

• wanted to modernize russia

  • allows girls to go to school

  • officially wrote down laws

• wanted to expand russia

  • acquired ottoman empire to have access to the black sea and therefore the mediterranian sea

  • acquired part of poland through negotiation

• wanted to rule absolutely

  • strengthen serfdom

did not implement enlightenment ideas

england (tudors)

Henry VII- bring tudors in power and unify england

Henry VIII- has many wives (catherine of aragon- has mary)(anne bolyn- breaks away from the church to marry her, has elizabeth I, is beheaded)(Jane- has Edward)

Edward VI- sickly child, ties up church of england, dies soon

“Bloody” Mary- extreme catholic, kills many people

Elizabeth I- good leader, anne’s daughter

overall, popular and powerful family

good relationship with parliament

few religious problems (excluding mary)

stable until elizabeth dies and the throne passes to stuart family

Elizabeth I

strong leader

knows how to get parliament to do what she wants

supported the arts

made anglican church more accepting to catholics

tolerable of religions

made england strongest nation in europe (at the time) through foreign policy

• flirtatious talk and never married

England (staurt)

because Elizabeth I died w/o an heir (never married) and they are distantly related

Stuarts believed in divine right and an absolute monarchy, which clashed with the idea of a parliament

• makes them unpopulaar with the people and parliament

• leads to clashes between stuarts and parliament over power and money

  • parliament has the power of the purse (the permission to spend money)\

1. James I

2. Charles I

3. Cromwell

4. James II

5. William and Mary

6. Queen Anne

religious problem in england (Stuarts)

split within Protestantism in england

there was a strong puritan minority

puritans though Anglicanism was too close to Catholicism and they wanted to purify it

puritans were an important part of the parliament’s house of commons

puritans will end up in america

James I

first Stuart of england

claimed divine right

discriminated against puritans (left to new world)

clashed with parliament over need for money (parliament has the power of the purse)

Charles I

son of James I

belived in divine right, persecuted puritans, absolute monarchy

same clashes w/ parliament

signs the petition of right but ignores their asks

long parliament made his life miserable

• is called and never adjourned because parliament knows that he will never call them back if they do

• so, charles led troops into house of commons but they escaped the back door, starting the english civil war

is beheaded in civil war

Petition of Right

written during Charles I rule

written by parliament and the people to ask for rights (against absolutism)

affirmed parliament’s power and existence

is signed but ignored

shows people are against absolutism

english civil war

over the absoluet authority of the king

roundheads (puritans and parliament) vs cavaliers (kind and his troops and supporters)

roundheads won

RESULTS

charles I beheaded

abolishment on the monarchy and the house of lords

created the commonwealth but was really just a dctatorship under oliver Cromwell

Puritan Rule and Oliver Cromwell

Puritan ruler under the commonwealth and Oliver

Oliver is called “Lord Protector”

• leader of the roundhead’s army in civil war

• is puritan

• created very organized army (the redcoats)

• forces everyone by law to be a puritan

• takes away all the fun

• is beheaded

Charles II

son of Charles I

restored monarchy

had to sign the petition of right

“Merry monarch” because brings the fun back to England

• crowd cheers his return

trues really hard to not upset the parliament (doesn’t want to be beheaded)

dies w/o an heir

James II

brother to Charles II

tried to revive divine right

• makes people and parliament mad

he is a CATHOLIC

• bad bc england is protestant

• is okay at first because he has protestant daughter who can be his heir

• then he has a catholic son and the parliament kick him out (glorious revolution)

Glorious revolution

the act of kicking out James II and his son so they cant rule because they are catholic

• accepts it because he doesnt want to be beheaded

bloodless

William (of orange) and Mary

had to agree to the Bill of Rights

now had a limited monarchy, had to obey the laws, and governed in partnership with parliament (not divine right)

English Bill of Rights

gives rights to the people explicitly

affirms parliament as supreme over monarch (the monarch has to obey the laws)

proved the parliament was supreme over the monarch

now a limited monarchy

Queen Anne

last staurt monarch

enacted Act of Union (ireland, scotland, and england are united)

has no heirs but tried 7 times too

now a new family takes over

George I

the start of a new family ruling in england after stuarts

did not speak english, was german

• let the prime minister and cabinet mak all the decisions

  • prime minister= robert Walpole

    • prime minister (leader of parliament) became the executive decision maker

    • monarch is a figurehead

    • created a constitutional government: government’s power is defined by law

The enlightenment (age of reason)

intellectual revolution led by philosphes (french philosophers)

• challenged religious/political beliefs

• debate rights of the people and promoted progressive ideas

grew out of scientific revolutions

• ? society and interactions between its people and the government

• i can solve my own problems

educated people had parties (salons) to discuss ideas of a just society

• inspired revolutions and reform movements through publicatins

Thomas Hobbes

english philosophers

lived through english civil war, saw beheadings

thought that people were naturally born evil and we need government to stabilize society

• wants a strong centralized government

John Locke

english philosophers

witness glorious revolutions and a peaceful time in england

though people were naturally born good and people willingly consent to being governed so we will obey laws in response; people were born with natural rights of life, liberty, and property

wants a limited monarchy

montesquieu

french

checks and balances, separation of pwrs (not all pwr should be in 1 group)

3 groups

1. executive (enforce laws) (president)

2. legislative (making laws) (congress)

3. judicial (interpret laws) (courts)

Voltaire

french

freedom of the every-day person (religion, speech, press)

background: was imprisoned in France for his press but flees

in and out of prison for his critiques of the french government

diderot

french

wanted people to have access to information, other than from the church

published encyclopedias on a lot of knowledge (some biased)

so you can make your own opinions

Rousseau

french

belived that people were born good but were corrupted by society (we still need government)

put his faith in the “general will”

• whatever it is, it is best

  • if we all VOTE on something, it must be the best

Wollstonecraft

english

women

founder of modern feminism :)

if humans should all be free, women should be too because women are human

radical at the time

Smith

English (scottish)

economist advocating laissez faire (government should have no control over the economy

• at the time government had complete control

the french revolution

horrified Europe

only took a couple of months for the greatest nation to weaken and execute their king

political, social, and economic causes

leads to a reign of terror

cause 1: political

the people started to resent the power of an absolute monarchy

• the esates general had not been called into session since Louis XIII (175 yrs)

people had no civil rights

government used the letters de cachet saying that people were wanted as a fear tactic

the heirs of Louis XIV were not in touch with the people (Louis XVI and Maria Antoinette)

• young and did not know how to rule so they just were royals and spent money lavishly

cause 2: ancien regime

social/ political structure was outdated and unfair

1. estate 1: clergy

   1. did not have to pay any taxes

   2. smallest group

   3. owned 10% of all the land

   4. had their own church law (did not have to follow regular law)

2. estate 2: nobels

   1. had to pay tithe (tax to church) but not taille (tax to king)

   2. held positions in government

   3. controlled a lot of weath

3. estate 3: commonrs

   1. most of population

   2. very diverse

      1. Bourgeoisie: middle class

         1. looked by nobels but did not have birth right so resented estate 2

         2. bankers, lawyers, doctors, etc

      2. Sans-Culottes

         1. shop-keeprs

         2. very radical

      3. peasants

         1. most of population

   3. had to pay taxes to king (taille) and tax to the church (tithe) AND feudal dues (tax to nobes)

      1. had no money

cause 3: financial crisis

deficit spending

national debt increasing since Louis XIV

• sent money to america to help against england

• versailles

failure of economic reform

• jacques Necker- economist who says to get out of this mess the king must tax the 1 and 2 estates

• nobility and clergy refuse and the king (louis XVI) refuses because the king want to keep them happy

natural disasters

• icy winter lead to food shortages

  • food prices really high

    • peasants could not buy food

      • hangry people were desperate and mad

deficit spending

the kings spending more than they have and can produce

cause 4- enlightenment thinking

salons caused upper and middle classes to think about enlightenment ideas

bourgeoisie and estate 2 inspired by enlightenment

saw how america could go against england

these people saw that they had no rights under this government

moderate phase of french revolution

louis called estates general into session to deal with he economy issue

estates general is not very democratic because even though most people are from estate 3, they only have 1 vote (each estate has 1 vote)

estate 1 and 2 would outvote estate 3

major issue: to reform voting system

effect: national assembly replaced estates general

• by estate 3 because they dont have a chance in estates general

• 1 person=1 vote

• king locked them out of assembly hall so they go the the tennis court

  • they promise to maintain the national assembly and WRITE A CONSTITUTION

    • to limit the power to the king and give people rights (goal of the revolution

the start of the french revolution

storming the Bastille (by San- Cuallots)

• people are hungry

• though king was going to send troops against the national assembly

• so, they storm a weapon storehouse, also being a prison

  • were many people who spoke out against the king were being held

significance: proved that people were mad and they were organized

a symbol of the french revolution

the day is still celebrated today

official strt of revolution

the summer of 1789- great fear

the people feared that the king was going to retaliate and many rumors spread

• armies/factions formed just in case in paris

• peasants attacked homes of nobels

famine spread and prices soared even higher

causes the national assembly to abolish feudalism and start equality (no more estates)

• the nobles will still see themselves as higher

a little bit of peace right now

declaration of the rights of man and the citizen

of liberty, equality, and fraternity

based on enlightenment ideas (Locke)

based on american declaration of independence and english bill of rights

stated freedom of the press, speech, to a trial, etc

declared all were equal (not women)

Olympe de Gouges

added women into the french declaration

not accepted around france

ignored her and beheaded her