organic chemistry

alkene to alkane

type

conditions

reagent
reaction

hydrogenation

addition

Ni (catalyst) & 150

H2

reactant to product

alkene to halogenoalkane (diatomic molecule)

type

condition

reagent

observation

reaction

halogenation

electrophilic addition

rtp

any halogen(Cl2, Br2, I2 )

colored (depending on halogen) to colorless

mechanism

alkane to halogenoalkane (hydrogen-halide)

type

conditions

reagent

reaction

hydrohalogenation

electrophilic addition

rtp

HCl, HBr, HI

mechanism

alkene to alcohol

type

conditions

reagent

reaction

hydration

addition

steam, H3PO4, high temp & pressure

water (gas phase)

equilibrium

alkene to di-ol

type

conditions

reagent

observation

reaction

Dihydroxylation

oxidation

cold dilute KMnO4

KMnO4

purple to colorless

reactant to product

halogenoalkane to alcohol

type

conditions

reagent

N.S

N.S

reflux with aqueous potassium/sodium hydroxide

KOH/NaOH

halogenoalkane to alkene

type

conditions

reagent

N.S

N.S

reflux with ethanolic potassium/sodium hydroxide

KOH/NaOH in ethanol

halogenoalkane to amine

type

conditions

reagent

N.S

N.S

heated under pressure with excess ammonia in ethanol

NH3 in ethanol

halogenoalkane to nitrile

type

conditions

reagent

N.S

N.S

reflux with KCN in ethanolic solution

KCN in ethanol

alcohol to aldehyde

type

alcohol

reagent

condition

observation

oxidation

oxidation

primary

K₂Cr₂O₇ / H₂SO₄

gentle heating & distillation
orange to green

alcohol to carboxylic acid

type

alcohol

reagent

condition

observation

oxidation

oxidation

primary

K₂Cr₂O₇ / H₂SO₄

strong heating, under reflux
orange to green

alcohol to ketone

type

alcohol

reagent

condition

observation

oxidation

oxidation

secondary

K₂Cr₂O₇ / H₂SO₄

heating, under reflux
orange to green

alcohol to alkene

type

alcohol

reagent

condition

dehydration

elimination

all (primary, secondary and tertiary)

Conc. H₂SO₄, heat

Reflux with concentrated sulfuric or phosphoric acid.

alcohol to halogenoalkane (Cl2)

type

alcohol

reagents

conditions

observations

substitution

substitution

all

PCl5

rtp

steamy white fumes of HCl gas

alcohol to halogenoalkane (Br2)

type

alcohol

reagent

condition

observations

substitution

substitution

ALL

Potassium bromide (KBr) & 50% sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄)

Heat / warm

Often no visible change

alcohol to halogenoalkane (I2)

type

alcohol

reagent

condition

observations

substitution

substitution

ALL

Red phosphorus & Iodine (I₂)

Heated under reflux

purple to colorless