Zoey Cook Ch. 13 Gastroenterology

What is the alimentary canal?

The digestive system

What are the two types of glands in the body?

Endocrine and exocrine

Endocrine glands

Secretes hormones into the bloodstream

Exocrine glands

Secretes hormones into ducts (tubes in the body)

What are the accessory exocrine glands of the digestive system?

Secrete enzymes and other substances into the alimentary canal (digestive canal)

What is special about the pancreas?

Only organ that is both endocrine and exocrine

Ingestion

The process of taking substances—such as food, drink, medicine, or toxic materials—into the body, typically by swallowing them through the mouth

Digestion

Duodenum; 1st part of small intestine

Absorption

Jejunum and ileum; 2nd and 3rd part of small intestine

Egestion

Defecation (poop)

What are food residues?

Cellulose

What are the four major types of organic compounds?

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

What are the divisions of the alimentary canal?

Mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (colon), and anus

What is fauces?

Hole in the back of mouth

What is the superior labial frenulum?

A small, flexible band of mucosal tissue that connects the inner surface of the upper lip to the midline of the upper gum (gingiva)

What is the inferior labial frenulum?

A small, thin band of tissue (frenum) that connects the center of the lower lip to the gum tissue below the front lower teeth

What are the three parts of the tooth?

Crown, neck, and root

What is enamel?

Covers crown

What are the two parts of the crown?

Anatomical and clinical crown

Anatomical crown

The superior portion of the tooth that is covered by enamel

Clinical crown

That portion of the anatomical crown visible above the gingiva (gum)

What is a root canal?

Infection of pulp cavity

What is the occlusal surface of the crown?

The portion of the crown that contacts opposing teeth

What are cusps?

The elevations present on the occlusal surface of the crown

Incisors

Chisel-shaped teeth used for biting, crown is chisel-shaped, there is 1 root

Canines

Cuspids; pointed teeth used for tearing, crown has 1 cusp, there is 1 root

Premolars

Bicuspids; broad teeth used for tearing, crown has 1 cusp, and there is 1 root

Molars

Molars are the larger back teeth that are responsible for grinding and chewing food.

What are deciduous teeth?

Deciduous teeth, commonly known as baby teeth, are the first set of teeth that children develop.

When do baby teeth come in?

Baby teeth typically begin to come in around six months of age.

How many total baby teeth are there?

There are typically 20 total baby teeth.

When do baby teeth fall out?

Baby teeth usually begin to fall out around the age of six.

How many total adult teeth?

There are typically 32 total adult teeth.

What material are the teeth made up of?

Teeth are primarily made up of a hard substance called enamel, along with dentin and pulp in their structure.

What is the pulp cavity?

The pulp cavity is the space within the tooth that contains the nerve and blood vessels.

What are dental caries?

Dental caries, commonly known as cavities, are areas of decay on the teeth caused by bacteria.

What is gingivitis?

Gingivitis is the inflammation of the gums, often caused by plaque buildup.

What is pyorrhea?

Pyorrhea, also known as periodontitis, is a severe gum disease that results in the loss of tooth support.

What is an impacted wisdom tooth?

An impacted wisdom tooth occurs when there is not enough space in the mouth for the tooth to emerge properly. This can lead to it being trapped in the jawbone or gums, causing pain, swelling, and potential infection.

What is mastication?

Chewing

What is deglutition?

Swallowing

What are the chemoreceptors on the tongue?

Taste buds

What are three types of tonsils?

Palatine tonsils, lingual tonsils, and pharyngeal tonsils

What are adenoids?

Enlarged pharyngeal tonsils

What type of tissue is inside the tonsils?

Lymphoid tissue

What are immunoglobulins?

Inactive foreign substance

What is tonsillitis?

Inflammation of the palatine tonsils

What is a tonsillectomy?

Removal of palatine tonsils

Where are the parotid salivary glands?

Located just in front and below (antero-inferior) the ears

What are mumps?

Inflamed parotid glands

What is the function of saliva?

“all about saliva” amylose [starch] and [polysaccharide]

What are the two parts of the palate?

Anterior and posterior

What is the pharynx?

Throat

What is the oropharynx?

Lined by a non-keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium, (isthmus of) fauces, extends from the palate down to the hyoid bone, and palatine tonsils

Where is the laryngopharynx?

The laryngopharynx extends from the hyoid bone down to the level of the esophagus

What is a bolus?

The collection of food being consumed into the digestive system

What is the function of the epiglottis?

Bends down to prevent food from entering the laryngeal aperture. The pharyngeal constrictor muscles push the bolus of food down the esophagus

What is the esophagus?

A 10-inch long muscular tube that extends from the laryngopharynx (C-6) (Neck) down to the stomach (T-10) (Thorax)

What is peristalsis?

Unidirectional wave-like smooth muscle contractions (moves down)