Week 8 Quiz Flashcards

How many neurones are sympathetic neuronal pathways comprised of?

2

Where does the first pre-ganglionic neurone originate?

Thoracic Or Lumbar

Is the first pre-ganglionic neurone short or long?

SHORT

What is the first pre-ganglionic neurone’s main transmitter?

Acetylcholine

What does the post-ganglionic neurone that innervates most target tissues release?

Noradrenaline

Where does noradrenaline act on to create a response?

Adrenoreceptors

How many neurones are the parasympathetic neuronal pathways comprised of?

2

Where does the first pre-ganglionic neurone originate?

Medullary or Sacral

Is the first pre-ganglionic neurone short or long?

LONG

What is the first pre-ganglionic neurone’s main transmitter?

Acetylcholine

What does the post-ganglionic neurone that innervates most target tissues release?

Acetylcholine

Where does this act on?

Muscarinic Receptors

What are some functional effects of parasympathetic nervous stimulation?

• Increased salivary gland secretion

• Bronchoconstriction

• Increased motility of the GI tract

• Secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes

What are some functional effects of sympathetic nervous stimulation?

• Glucose production by liver

• Bronchodilation

• Increased skeletal muscle blood flow

• Sweat gland secretion

What does the presynaptic release of neurotransmitter consist of?

• Depolarisation of the presynaptic membrane

• Opening of the voltage gated calcium channels

• Vesicle fusion

What causes depolarisation?

• Sodium influx

Pyrimethamine contains two rings: ring A and ring B. Are they aromatic or non-aromatic?

They are BOTH aromatic

Pyrimethamine has a number of possible resonance structures

Which of the following structures is NOT. A valid resonance structure for pyrimethamine?

Structure C

Determine whether each molecule below is chiral or non-chiral

• Mebendazole is non-chiral

• Ibuprofen is chiral

• Cimetidine is non-chiral

• Metformin is non-chiral

• Penicillin G is chiral

• Pyridostigimine is non-chiral

The molecule taxol is used in breast cancer treatment, shown below.

The molecule has 10 chiral centres, determine if it is R or S configuration

1. S

2. R

3. S

4. R

5. S

6. S

7. R

8. S

9. S

10. R

The structure above shows the drug chloramphenicol, with 4 additional structures A-D. Determine the nature of the relationship between chloramphenicol and each of the structures A-D with respect to their stereochemistry.

Structure A - diastereomers

Structure B - enantiomers

Structure C - resonance

Structure D - NO isomerism

The drug structures above show drug molecules containing a carbon-carbon double bond. In each case specify if the bond is E, Z or lacks and E/Z configuration.

Flunarizine - E

Clomiphene - E

Olopatadine - Z

What type of service is dispensing medicines?

Essential service

What type of service is stop smoking support?

Locally commissioned service

What type of service is discharge medicines service?

Essential service

What type of service is flu vaccination?

Advanced service

What type of system is disposal of unwanted medicines?

Essential service

What type of service is public health aka. Promotion of healthy lifestyles?

Essential service

What type of service is NHS Health Check?

Locally commissioned service

You are a community pharmacist. A patient, Mr W, tells you that he has had diarrhoea for the past few days. He was newly-prescribed metformin last week to control his blood sugar levels. Choose which ONE of the following options is the best choice for the initial advice that you should give to Mr W. 

Advise Mr W. That the diarrhoea is a likely side effect of the metformin and should clear up. Seek further advice if it does not

You are a community pharmacist and a patient, Mrs T, asks if you can give her some advice about the simvastatin which her GP prescribed for her high cholesterol two weeks ago. She has heard that it can 'damage your muscles and be dangerous' so she didn't know whether she should stop taking them. Choose which ONE of the following options is the best choice for the initial advice that you should give to Mrs T.

Tell her that it is a possible, though uncommon side effect. She should continue taking her medicine but report any muscle symptoms to her GP if they should occur

When its top is removed, an old bottle of aspirin tablets is found to smell like vinegar. This is because:

The aspirin within the tablets has degraded chemically

Which of the following is an example of chemical degradation of a drug?

Oxidation

What is the chemical process of hydrolysis?

The process of chemical bond breakage via. The nucleophilic attack of water

How can hydrolysis be catalysed?

Conditions of high/low pH

What are ways in which we can protect a drug from hydrolysis?

• Making the drug less soluble

• Using a cyclodextrin

• Encasing the drug in a micelle

Which factors affect shelf-life?

• Packaging type

• Formulation of medicine

• Conditions in which medicine is stored

• Stability of the drug and excipients in the medicine