Plant Systematics Exam 2

Viridiplantae

Green Algae

defining characteristic of Archeoplastida 

green plants

synapomorphies of Viridiplantae

chlorophyll b, carbohydrates stored as starch, cellulosic cell wall, cross-shaped arrangement of four narrow bands of microtubules known as flagellar roots associated with flagellar basal bodies

major groups in Viridiplantae

Chlorophytes and Streptophytes

True

algae form a monophyletic group

body forms of algae

unicellular, colonial, multicellular

embryophyta signifies

land plants, develop a multicellular embryo from a zygote after fertilization

trait found in Coleochaeta and all land plants

characters that separate land plants from green algae

Chlamydomonas

Bryophytes

hepatophyta, bryophyta, anthocerophyta

land plant responses to difficulties

growing near water

475 mya

land plants occur on Earth

general features of bryophytes

thallus, flagellated sperm,

three phyla included in bryophytes

hepatophyta, bryophyta, anthocerophyta

asexual reproduction in thallose liverworts

gemmae cups, water

sexual reproduction in thallose liverworts

water, flagellated sperm

general characteristics of mosses

colonial, leafy part is gametophyte, foot seta capsule is sporophyte

mosses

bryophyte phylum most closely related to higher vascular plants because of specialized conductive cells 

antheridia

male reproductive structure

archegonia

female reproductive structure

sporangium

produces spores

Hepatophyta

liverworts

Merchantia

liverwort

air pores

in thallus

gemmae cup

asexual reproduction

gemmae

within the cup

antheridiophore

antheridia within

archegoniophore

archegonia within

calyptra

remnant of the archegonium

seta

long stem-like structure on the sporophyte

foot

attaches the sporophyte to the gametophyte

elaters

aid in dispersal

Anthocerophyta

hornworts

Bryophyta

mosses

protonema

the structure produced when a spore germinates

capsule

holds spores

operculum

covers the opening of the capsule

peristome

teeth that regulate the release of spores

Sphagnum

important group of mosses that hold a lot of  water

seedless vascular plants

Lycophytes and Euphyllophytes

450 mya

vascular plants occur on Earth

synapomorphies of Tracheophytes

dominance of the sporophyte, lignin, xylem & phloem, endodermis, schlerenchyma cells, sporophytic leaves

importance of branching 

gets taller and larger, collects more sunlight

microphylls

one vascular bundle

evolutionary relation between enations and microphylls

dispoersal

evolutionary innovations of Lycophytes

microphylls

megaphyll

multiple vascular bundles

ferns

second largest phylum of vascular plants

heterospory

different sized gametes

homospory

same sized gametes

eusporangium

sporangium arises and layers of parent cells surround it

leptosporangium

comes from a single cell

dominance changes over time

gametophyte → sporophyte

dichotomous

repealed branching

Lycopodiophyta

club mosses

Microphyllophyta

have microphylls

vascular cambium

responsible ofr secondary growth, allows for increased girth

strobili

reproductive cone structure

megagametophyte

female gametophyte

microgametophyte

small male gametophyte

Psilotophyta

whisk ferns

Psilotum

synangia

Equisetum

Pterophyta

frond

leaf or leaflet of ferns

pinnae

primary division of a pinnate leaf

rachis

central axis on a compound leaf

circinate vernation

young developing leafs curl up

sori

plural of sorus

sorus

cluster of spores, regulates release 

indusium

thin membrane covering the sori

annulus

a ring of specialized cells

prothallus

heart shaped gametophyte of a fern

stele

core of vascular plants

Selaginella

Gymnosperms

seeded vascular plants, non-flowering

two key advantageous developments of Gymnosperms

sporophyte dominance, wood

heterospory resulted in seeds and pollen

endosporic gametophyte development

gametophyte develops within the pollen or ovule

importance of endosporic gametophyte development in higher plants

dispersal

changes in relationship with water in seed plants

not longer flagellated sperm, wind pollination

340 mya

the first seed structures evolved

Pteridospermophyta

group the evolved the first seed-like structures

seeds are a collection of three generations

gametophyte, sporophyte, seed

microgametophyte structure in seed plants

within pollen grains

megagametophyte structure in seed plants

within ovule

meaning of gymnosperm

“naked seed”

purpose of the name gymnosperm

have naked seeds, no fruiting bodies

five general characteristics of the four living gymnosperm phyla

pollen delivered to ovules, seeds not in fruits, secondary growth, megagametophyte produces several archegonia, complex cones

four living gymnosperm phyla

Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, Coniferophyta, Gnetophyta

Cycadophyta

cycads

Ginkgophyta

ginkgo

Gnetophyta

ephedra

Coniferophyta

conifers

cones in conifers

pollination

fertilization

separation of pollination and fertilization in conifers

fertilization can take lots of time because tube cells have to expand to the ovule to fertilize it