Bio 168 Replication, Transcription, Translation, Cell Respiration and Integumentary System

RNA

ribonucleic acid (A,U,C,G) one strand, and has 3 types

mRNA (copy going to cytoplasm)

copy of DNA code carried to cytoplasm to make proteins at the ribosome

codon

three letter nucleotide code that is passed from DNA to mRNA during transcription and used to make a protein

rRNA

ribosome RNA on an organelle where mRNA and tRNA go to make proteins

tRNA

matches mRNA codon with anticodon and brings correct amino acid to make a protein

transcription

synthesis of an mRNA molecule from a DNA template that happens in the nucleus

translation

process where genetic information coded in mRNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm

replication

DNA unzips & the old strand is used to make an exact copy on a new strand

amino acid

20 possible building blocks (monomer) of a protein

DNA

blueprint of genes for making proteins which is always in the nucleus

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

3 types of molecules used in translation

1 amino acid that is specific for its anti codon

carried by a tRNA to be added to the polypeptide chain

alternating sugar and phosphate

backbone of DNA

Anti-codon

group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon

mRNA

contains uracil, not thymine; translated into proteins

tRNA picture

carries the corresponding amino acid complementary to the codon on the mRNA molecule

Watson, Crick, and Franklin (1953)

what scientists discovered the structure of DNA

nucleus (and mitochondria, chloroplast)

where is DNA found in eukaryotic cells

nucleotide

phosphate, sugar, nitrogen base

Polypeptide

A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds (fancy name for protein)

DNA polymerase

uses the template strand to add complementary nucleotides during replication

Promoter

specific region of a gene where RNA polymerase can bind to begin transcription

RNA polymerase

enzyme that links together the growing chain of mRNA nucleotides during transcription using a DNA strand as a template

Differences between RNA and DNA

1. Ribose instead of deoxyribose sugar

2. Single stranded

3. Uracil in replace of thymine

4. goes out of nucleus to cytoplasm

AGC CUA UAG CAA GUU

matching RNA to DNA strand:

TCG GAT ATC GTT CAA

mRNA strand (in nucleus)

the end product of transcription

protein

the end product of translation

ribosome

where translation occurs

S phase of interphase

when replication occurs

gene expression

The process by which genetic information encoded in DNA (copies to RNA &) directs the synthesis of proteins, which show your PHENOTYPE

Which of the following is TRUE regarding cardiac muscle tissue?

Cells are branched and found in the heart.; contains interclated discs

_______________ has cells that send electrical signals around the body.

nervous tissue (neuron= single cell)

The E site of a ribosome is where

tRNA exits the ribosome

The type of muscle that has elongated, multinucleated cells and is under voluntary control is _________muscle.

skeletal

Endocrine glands secrete

secrete hormones

During replication, what bonds are broken to seperate the DNA strands?

hydrogen bonds

During initiation translation, the ribosome binds to-----

Start start- AUG

During initiation of transcription

RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region of the DNA

sebum

The oil that helps to condition the surface of the body

Dermis

Outermost layer of the epidermis

Differences in skin pigmentation are due to varying numbers of melanocytes within each individual.

True

subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)

It stabilizes the position of the skin and binds it to underlying structures.

Cell respiration

means by which cells extract energy stored in food and transfer that energy to molecules of ATP.

anaerobic respiration

occurs when oxygen is not present

aerobic respiration

If oxygen is present, glycolysis is followed by the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain in the mitochondria

ATP synthase

The enzyme that makes ATP from ADP and a third phosphate

total energy created from one glucose molecule

34-38

reactants of cellular respiration

glucose and oxygen

products of cellular respiration

carbon dioxide, water, and ATP

glycolysis

first step in releasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid, with a NET production of 2 ATP

NADH

electron carrier that stores energy used to make ATP

inner membrane of mitochondria

The location of the electron transport chain for cellular respiration energy use by cells.

Krebs cycle

second stage of cellular respiration, produces 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 (for 2 molecules of pyruvate)

electron transport chain

a series of proteins in which the high-energy electrons from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle are used to convert ADP into ATP

Oxygen

final electron acceptor in the Electron Transport Chain

lactic acid fermentation

A series of anaerobic chemical reactions using pyruvic acid that supplies energy when oxygen is scarce. occurs in a human muscle cell or bacterial cell

Cell respiration

Process of converting glucose into ATP.

Glycolysis

First stage of cell respiration in cytoplasm.

CAC

Citric Acid Cycle; occurs in mitochondrial matrix.

ETC

Electron Transport Chain; located in inner mitochondrial membrane.

NAD+

Electron carrier; accepts electrons during redox reactions.

FADH2

Reduced form of FAD; carries electrons to ETC.

Oxidative phosphorylation

ATP production via electron transport and chemiosmosis.

Substrate-level phosphorylation

Direct ATP formation from substrate reactions.

DNA structure

Double helix; composed of nucleotides with phosphodiester bonds.

Transcription

Process of synthesizing mRNA from DNA template.

Translation

Conversion of mRNA into a polypeptide chain.

Interphase

Cell cycle phase; includes G1, S, G2 stages.

Marfan syndrome

Genetic disorder affecting connective tissue structure.

Epithelia functions

Protection, absorption, secretion, and sensation.

Exocrine glands

Secrete substances through ducts to external surfaces.

Integumentary system functions

Protection, temperature regulation, sensation, and vitamin D synthesis.

Epidermis layers

Includes stratum corneum, granulosum, and germinativum.

Dermis composition

Contains collagen, elastin, blood vessels, and nerve endings.

Sebaceous glands

Produce sebum; lubricates skin and hair.

Arrector pili muscle

Causes hair to stand; responds to cold or fear.

Melanocytes

Cells producing melanin; determine skin color.

Goosebumps

Result from arrector pili muscle contraction.

Cell respiration

Process of converting glucose into ATP.

Glycolysis

First stage of cell respiration in cytoplasm.

CAC

Citric Acid Cycle; occurs in mitochondrial matrix.

ETC

Electron Transport Chain; located in inner mitochondrial membrane.

NAD+

Electron carrier; accepts electrons during redox reactions.

FADH2

Reduced form of FAD; carries electrons to ETC.

Oxidative phosphorylation

ATP production via electron transport and chemiosmosis.

Substrate-level phosphorylation

Direct ATP formation from substrate reactions.

DNA structure

Double helix; composed of nucleotides with phosphodiester bonds.

Transcription

Process of synthesizing mRNA from DNA template.

Translation

Conversion of mRNA into a polypeptide chain.

Interphase

Cell cycle phase; includes G1, S, G2 stages.

Marfan syndrome

Genetic disorder affecting connective tissue structure.

Epithelia functions

Protection, absorption, secretion, and sensation.

Exocrine glands

Secrete substances through ducts to external surfaces.

Integumentary system functions

Protection, temperature regulation, sensation, and vitamin D synthesis.

Epidermis layers

Includes stratum corneum, granulosum, and germinativum.

Dermis composition

Contains collagen, elastin, blood vessels, and nerve endings.

Sebaceous glands

Produce sebum; lubricates skin and hair.

Arrector pili muscle

Causes hair to stand; responds to cold or fear.

Melanocytes

Cells producing melanin; determine skin color.

Goosebumps

Result from arrector pili muscle contraction.