B. Charles I and the outbreak of Civil War 1625-42

When did the Commons refuse to grant Charles Tonnage and Poundage for life?

1625

Buckingham's failed attack on Cadiz (month and year)

September 1625

Forced Loan - what was it? when was it issued? were people prosecuted as a consequence? - give details

1626-7, essentially an illegal tax, over 70 members of the gentry refuse to pay it and are imprisoned without a trial

La Rochelle Expedition - date, what did it actually involve?

1627, Buckingham secures declaration of war on france as well as spain and leads a disasterous military campaign in aid of french protestants in La Rochelle

When was the Five Knights Case?

1627

Petition of Right - date, what was the political context, what did it ask

1) 1628
2)encapsulates the grievances of parliament (a condition they put forth in return for granting money to Charles)
3) asks that there be no taxation without parliamentry consent, no arbitrary arrest ect.

Buckingham's assassination - how did the people react?

August 1628, greated with national celebration

When was personal rule?

1629-1640

When did Charles I make peace with France?

1629

When was the Treaty of Madrid?

1630

Why did Parliament refuse to grant Charles I Tonnage and Poundage for life? (x2)

1) They were wary of Charles' foreign policy - The Mansfeld expedition (1625) had been a disaster
2) Parliament disliked Charles' key advisor Duke of Buckingham

Why was Charles I unpopular? (x2)

1) Promotion of Arminian/High Church clergy (e.g. Richard Montagu)
2) Foreign policy failures (Mansfeld expedition, Cadiz, La Rochelle)

Why did Charles dissolve Parliament in 1625?

Attempted impeachment of Buckingham

Why did Charles issue the Forced Loan? (x3)

1) Recalled parliament in 1626 for more money.
2) Lords and Commons moved together to impeach Buckingham so Charles was forced to dissolve Pariament again.
3) Charles demanded a forced loan from all taxpayers

Who was dissmissed for refusing to endorse the legality of the loan?

Lord Chief Justice Carew

What happened in the Five Knights case? (x3)

1) 5 knights refused to pay the loan and were imprisoned without trial.
2) They sued for release under Habeus Corpus
3) but were denied a trial due to the King's emergency powers of arrest.

How many subsidies did Parliament grant Charles for the war with France and Spain in 1628?

5

Give more detail on the Petition of Right - name three of its demands.

1) no taxation without parliamentary consent
2) no imprisonment without trial
3) no billeting of soldiers
4) no martial law

How did Charles I respond to the Petition of Right? (x2)

1) Continued to collect tonnage and poundage with no grant
2) Imprisoned Richard Chambers for refusing to pay tonnage and poundage + using Prerogative Courts after his aquittal by the common law courts.

Why was Charles resentful towards Parliament when they were recalled in 1629?

They celebrated Buckingham's assasination while Charles grieved.

Why did Charles order Parliament to adjourn in January 1629? (x2)

They began to look into 1) breaches of the Petition of Right and 2) the treatment of merchants refusing to pay T&P

What were the three resolutions? - 1 x what happened, 3 x resolutions

1) A group of MPs led by Denzil Holles held the speaker in his chair until 3 formal resolutions were passed

1) against the growth of Arminiamism
2) the levying of tonnage and poundage
3) and those who paid it.

What was Charles' war spending in 1625-9 compared to the 1630s?

1625-9: £500,000
1630s: less than £70,000

Name three of Charles' financial policies during personal rule.

1) Collection of Tonnage and Poundage
2) Forest fines
3) Knighthood fines
4) Ship Money
5) Granting of monopolies

What was the popish soap scandle? (x3 dates)

In 1634 (1) Charles issued a monopoly patent for soap through a loophole in the 1624 (2) Act against them. In 1641 (3) opponents claimed that many people had been driven out of business and prices had greatly increased.

How much money did the annual levying of Ship Money bring to Charles I?

£200,000

How many individuals were charged with Knighthood fines?

Over 9,000

What problem did Charles' financial strategy cause for parliament?

Charles had found a way to collect regular income without Parliament. This threatened the existance of Parliament as their main purpose was to grant the monarch money.

When was Wentworth appointed Lord Deputy of Ireland?

1632

When was Laud appointed Archbishop of Canterbury?

1633

When was the trial of Burton, Bastwick and Prynne?

1637

When did Hampden challenge Ship Money?

October 1637

When was the Book of Common prayer imposed in Scotland?

1637

When was the First Bishops' War?

1639

When was the Short Parliament?

April 1640

When was the Long Parliament?

November 1640-1653

When was the trial of Strafford?

May 1641

When was the Irish Rebellion?

October 1641

When was the Grand Remonstrance?

November 1641

When was the militia ordinance passed?

1642

When was the Attempt on the Five Members?

January 1642

What happened to many puritans during personal rule? (x2)

1) Ministers were bought before the Court of High Comission if they failed to conform.
2) Many puritans emigrated to colonies in America

Give three ways in which Charles tried to change churches

1) Churches decorated with statues and colour
2) organs were restored
3) altar moved to the East end of the Church for traditional communion - a practice heavily associated with catholicism

Why did Henrietta Maria's influence worry people?

She maintained her own chapel and catholic clergy and encouraged her children to practice catholic worship - people didn't want a catholic monarch

What was the role of the Providence Island Shipping Company?

It connected a number of puritan gentry and therefore facilitated some of the orgnised opposition to Charles I's policies during personal rule; members included John Pym, Lord Saye and Sele, Oliver St. John, John Hampden (who challenged ship money)

What happened in Hampden's case against ship money?

Challenged the legality of Ship Money by refusing to pay in 1636. The judges of the King's Bench found in Charles favour 7 to 5.

What happened to Burton, Bastwick and Prynne? What was in charge of their persecution?

1) They were sentenced to having their ears cut off and cheeks branded for publishing anti-episcopal pamphlets
2) by William Laud in Star Chamber.

What was the denomination of the Scottish Church in 1630?

The Scottish Kirk had undergone a calvinist reforamtion under John Knox in 1560. It was highly presbyterian, run by ministers and elders.

When did Charles issue the Book of Cannons to the Scottish Clergy? What was it?

1) 1636
2) it listed instructions of how to lay out churches and introduced practices associated with anglicanism.

What happened after the first reading of the book of common prayer in St. Giles' Cathedral, Edinburgh?

Riots broke out and disorder spread across the lowlands.

When and why was the National Covenant drawn up?

1638 to defend the Kirk and restore Scottish religious rights.

What did Charles have to rely on in the First Bishops' War due to his lack of money?

County militias - unorganised and poorely trained

What treaty ended the First Bishops' War?

Treaty of Berwick

Why was there a taxpayer strike from 1639-40?

Many of the gentry were unhappy with funding a war with the Scots due to sympathy with Presbyterianism/hatred for arminians and objection to lack of parliamentary taxes.

Why was the Short Parliament dissolved?

MPs refused to grant money and instead began to debate aspects of Personal rule e.g. Laudianism and Charles' financial policies

Why was Charles' attack undermined in the Second Bishops' War? (x2)

1) His army was under-equiped.
2) Many soldiers sympathised with the Scots and began burning altar rails and other symbols of Catholicism.

What treaty was negotiated after Charles was defeated by the Scots at the Battle of Newburn? What were the terms of the treaty?

1) The Treaty of Ripon (1640)
2) Charles was forced to pay the Scots £850 a day while they occupied Newcastle.

What was Pym's Junto? Where did they come from?

1) An organised oppostition to the King in the Long Parliament.
2) They were a result of the buliding political crisis. Veterans of the 1620s and had spearheaded some of the limited political opposition during Personal Rule (e.g. Hampden challenging Ship Money in 1637)

What was the political situation, in long parliment, according to MPs?

1) MPs were optimistic because Charles was in a desparate situation - second bishop's war had left him financially and politically vulnerable
2) They intended to:
1) Make religious changes
2) Prevent another personal rule from happening again
3) They considered scottish invasion a lesser threat than Charles to England's liberty

When was the prorogation of parliament?

March 1629 - speaker held down to force through the resolutions:

When were 'Evil Counsellors' Laud and Strafford impeached by Parliament?

November 1640

When was the Triennial Act passed?

February 1641

When was the Root and Branch Petition?

December 1640

What was the Root and Branch Petition?

A petition by 15,000 London puritans which called for the removal of Bishops. Conservatives viewed this as a threat to the established order.

When was the Bill of Attainder?

May 1641

What was the purpose of the Bill of Attainder? Why did Pym use it? What was the reaction of conservatives?

1) To convict the Earl of Strafford of treason using less evidence.
2) Pym knew he would not be convicted if he was tried in the Lords.
3) Conservatives were concerned by the bending of the law.

What was the role of the First Army Plot in the impeachment of Strafford?

1) Charles didn't want to sanction his friend's execution, so Pym 'revealed' the First Army Plot
2) This was a plot within which Catholic officers would supposedly release Strafford and dissolve Parliament by force.
3) A mob surrounded Parliament when news of this plot and the Bill of Attainer spread, forcing Charles to sign the death warrant through populer protest.

What was the reaction of moderate MPs to the execution of Strafford? (x2 consequences, x2 names)

1) Many saw it as a dangerous increase in radicalism.
2) This view led to a constitutional royalists group emerging, prepared to support the King as a source of stablility.
+ Led in parliament by Sir Edward Hyde and Lord Falkland.

When was the abolition of the Prerogative Courts?

July 1641

When was the abolition of Ship Money?

August 1641

What was the purpose of the constitutional reforms in 1641?

They attempted to ensure that another monarch could not attempt personal rule.
(Many of these acts survived the reformation and permanently changed the constitution.)

Why was Parliament concerned by Charles negotiating peace with the Scots? What did they do as a consequence?

1) If he negociated peace with the Scots, Charles would escape financial hardship and would therefore potentially establish a second personal rule.
2) So, before he left for Scotland MPs presented him with the 10 propostitons and an attempt to take advantage of his political vulnerability while it still lasted.

What were the Ten Propositions? Give two details

1) Proposed a significant increase in parliement's powers
2) Would give them the right to (a) to approve advisors and (b) introduce measures to protect MPs from the King.

What were the consequences of the Irish Rebellion? (x3)

1) Charles was still in Scotland so was unable to respond immediatly to the situation.
2) MPs decided to raise an army to fight the rebellion but feared any army raised would be used against them (because it would be under the King's prerogative).
3) Therefore, they issued the Militia Ordinance which would allow Parliament to control the army, a direct attack on royal prerogative.

What was the purpose of the Grand Remonstrance? (x2)

1) To list the reasons Charles could not be trusted with the army
2) To unite the commons against Charles.

How many votes did the Grand Remonstrance pass by in the Commons? What does this signify?

11 votes - showed the extent of the divide in Parliament. The opposition was loosing support.

Attempt on the 5 Members (x4)

1) Charles I heard that Pym was planning to impeach the queen.
2) He ordered the Lords to begin the impeachment of opposition leaders
3) In January 1642 he entered Parliament with 300 soldiers and a warrant for the arrest of the 5 members.
4) The MPs had been warned and escaped to the City.

What was the consequences of the attempt on the Five Members? (x2 - one amongst the people, the other parliament)

1) Demonstrations and unrest in London caused Charles to leave the city.
2) Many MPs that had previously supported Charles saw he could not be trusted and the oppostition was strengthened.

When were the Nineteen Propositions?

June 1642

List three of the demands of the 19 Propositions

1) Parliament should supervise the education of royal children
2) parliament to approve privy councillors
3) militia placed under parliamentary control
4) strict laws against jesuits and recusants and reform of the church.

What did the severity of the Nineteen Propositions suggest?

Parliament were not attempting to negotiate with the King but were more interested in stating the case for parliament and rally support.

When was the Militia Ordinance?

March 1642

When was the Comission of Array?

June 1642

When did Charles raise his standard at Nottingham?

August 1642

How much did Charles reduce crown debt by during personal rule?

£2 million (balanced the budget)

Three Resolutions - details on the resolutions (x3)

1) furthering of popery or arminianism considered capital offence
2) whoever advised the king to collect tonnage and poundage without P's consent considered capital enemy
3) anyone who paid it considered an enemy to the liberty of england

Charles' failed attempt at courting the spanish princess - date, events, James' hopes and consequence

1) 1623
2) Went with Buckingham to woo the spanish princess (completely outside of usual deocrum)
3) a union that James' hoped would put europe on the way to peace (protestant english x catholic spanish)
4) Charles' wooing expiditon a complete failure, they loose the union

What were the two prominant conspirecy theories at the time of parliament's dissolution (late 1620s) and how did personal rule affect these?

1) Parliamentarians: erosion of consesus attributable to a popish plot enacted by evil councillers of the crown who favored absolutism
2) Royalists: radicals who fail to respect the proper rights of the crown, are making constitutional enrouchments - considered 'crypto-presbytarians)
3) Dissolution of parliament removes public forum for the former

Book of Orders - date, purpose, success/failure

1) Issued 1631
2) tightened up local governance with particular attention to the enforcement of poor laws
3) a success

Was there opposition during Personal Rule? If so, in what way?

1) hidden opposition:
1)private diaries reveal that many were deaply concerned about the state of england
2) Charles' personal rule bred anxiety and suspicion as to his ultimate intentions (promotion of arminianism further conspirecy of the popish plot)

Elections for Short Parliament - how populer, what sort of political conflict

1) a quarter of all constituancies contested
2) contests between men considered 'courtiers' or 'country' men (i.e. protestants)

Elections for Long Parliament - how populer, how contentious

1) a third of constituancies contested
2) nationwide - a third or all men voted